Are shcwann cells useful for repairing spinal cord injuries Research Paper

Are shcwann cells useful for repairing spinal cord injuries - Research Paper Example The best cells for bridge-building are Schwann cells, because they are easy to get from patients and because they support perfect axon regeneration (Oudega & Xu, 2006). The only problem is that Schwann cells will not mix with the connective tissue cells of the spinal cord, so the bridges will not integrate with the spinal cord. Studies are underway on how to Schwann cells interact with connective tisues cells of the spinal cord and how to get them integrate. Schwann cells are also the cells in peripheral nerves that form myelin sheaths. They are not usually found in the brain or spinal cord where another neurological cell, the ogliodendrocyte, is responsible for making myelin. Researchers have shown that Schwann cells grafted into the brain can myelinate central axons (Oudega & Xu, 2006). When the loss of myelin is an important part of injury, implanting Schwann cells could stimulate remyelination and thereby restore function. Schwann cells, nerve cells and some other cells make proteins known to nourish nerve cells called "growth factors". By introducing these factors into injury sites alone or in combination with grafts, researchers hope to stimulate additional nerve regeneration and promote the health of nerve cells. This approach has been shown to stimulate CNS regeneration, including growth of axons from nerve cells within the spinal cord and those from the brain that send their long axons down the spinal cord. Significant restoration of function has not yet been achieved. Also Pieces of Engineered Neural Tissue (EngNT) are formed by controlling natural Schwann cell behavior in a three-dimensional collagen gel so that the cells elongate and align, and then a stabilization process removes excess fluid to leave robust artificial tissues. These living biomaterials contain aligned Schwann cells in an aligned collagen environment, recreating key features of normal nerve tissue. Incorrect

Sociology of Food Essay Essay Example for Free

Sociology of Food Essay Essay I had never actually given thought to what I ate, who I ate with, and where I ate, till now. I understood that eating was a need henceforth not thought about. The food log assignment has actually open the topic of eating and allowed me to have a different perspective of my eating habits. Food is a form of survival. However it also bring about with it; habits, rituals, and characteristics to its consumers. Before reading Belasco I took eating for granted. I now have begun to see how much food actually does affect our past, present, and our future. The theory of the Food Triangle that Belasco discusses in his book tries to simplify this phenomenon of â€Å"food. † Although simple in form the triangle holds a great weight in meaning. The realization that came to me while reading the chapters and also viewing the hunger planet photo essay, is that I am more a part of the convenience corner of the food triangle. I think this is because of the American culture that I have grown up in. I state this because of the common ideal that â€Å"time is money† which is persistent in our culture. By writing the food log I saw that I seem to always be eating on the go. Whether I stop to get drive thru McDonalds or bring my food with me I am constantly eating alone. This is convenient for me since I have school, work, and a family to balance and eating on the go allows me handle all my responsibilities as a student, an employee, as well as a mother. This may show that we are moving away from the trend of sitting down for meals or even making food part of a social event. The triangle however allows a person or a group to be a part of any combination of the three corners of the triangle which include the responsibility and identity corner as well as the convenience corner. For example for myself I may say I am part of the convenience corner but when it comes to feeding my children I definitely partake in the other two corners. When my schedule allows me to cook for my children the cooking involves more ethnic Salvadoran foods. I also try to include healthier foods such as vegetables and fruits. I may eat fast foods but I hardly ever feed it to my children. This puts me in both the identity corner and responsibility corner of the triangle, since I want my children to taste foods from their heritage as well as try to improve their health by eating better foods. Belasco? s reference that culture is depicted by a cuisine also triggered my interest. Farb and Armelagos comparison between cuisine to a culture’s language states that cuisine like communication is a communication system that’s inherited form birth and will always be a part of that person even if the travel elsewhere. I agree to this point of view but also believe that people adapt to their surroundings. As Dr. Grigorian stated in class food culture is not stagnant we are always evolving and there for our methods of food consumption have changed to. As a first generation Salvadoran-American I have become accustomed to both my heritage foods but the food culture of the U. S. is also a major part of my life. Although it may be a belief that America cannot have a culture because we have no set ? cuisine? I would to tend to disagree because throughout the world the â€Å"American culture† is seen. For example in many of the photographs in, the Times article, Hungry Planet many American items are seen in the pictures, such as Coke. I believe this also helps my idea that the convenience corner of the food triangle comes more into play. I believe the ideology of time is expanding and prepackaged foods are just another way to save time. However not everyone is seen with prepackaged items. This may relate to economic factors and it may be more convenient for some people to use what’s readily available to them rather than to have to travel to acquire the prepackaged items. I do believe that Identity plays a big role of why some communities (cultures) may not use prepackaged items but then again availability of these items might be a greater issue. All in all, the convenience corner seems to be where I stand but that may be because of the culture that I am part of. Identity has a role in my eating habits but honestly the responsibility corner is not something I actually give much thought too. It seems maybe because of where I live that the world around me has about the same connection to the food triangle.

Discussing Zephaniahs Face Essay -- Benjamin Zephaniah

I have read the book ‘Face’ by Benjamin Zephaniah, a Jamaican author and poet. He grew up in east London where he decided the book should be set. His previous experiences from being a victim of racial discrimination and prejudice and being a teenage rebel, involved in theft and drug crimes gave him a stimulus to write the book. The author himself having been discriminated upon found himself using previous burn victims like Simon Weston, who was badly burnt in the Falklands war, to help his book seem more realistic. This story is about Martin. He's the leader of the Gang of Three, and the classroom joker. He lives in the East End of London. You have to be careful what you say and who you say it to on the streets of Martin's neighborhood - not that Martin is particularly racist. This book challenges some very serious points from discrimination to teenage issues and coping with a traumatic situation and this is what I will discuss in my essay. There are many cases of prejudice and discrimination in this book. When Martin sees the Jamaican girls standing outside the club he imm...

Single Sex versus Co-ed

Single-Sex versus Co-education Education is very important for both boys and girls, but the place they are being educated in is very arguable. Nowadays, it has been noticed that in a single-sex educational experience students exhibit an eagerness to participate in discussions. In Australia, the percentage of students attending single-sex secondary schools was 55% of boys and 54% of girls, in 1985. However, by 1995 the proportion of students attending had dropped to 41% of boys and 45% of girls.Let us start by onsidering the fact that studying in separate school, boys and girls, can indisputably concentrate on their studies and not get distracted easily by the opposite sex classmates. In addition to this, some religious and traditional families might be keener to educate their children in separate schools. Generally, students of single- sex schools perform better than those at co-ed schools. On the other hand, it could be better for boys and girls to study together since they should b e taught fairly. Communication plays a big role in co-education schools.It helps pupils to communicate and socialize and it is easier for them in the future as they get to interact with others while working, in colleges and universities, etc. Moreover, students at co-ed schools learn to interact better with the other gender. After weighing the pros and cons, I would say that we live in a mixed world where interactions between both genders is compulsory, whether it was a debate at work or a group discussion among co-workers. The ability to speak out without intimidation is a vital feature in each individual. Written And Discussed By: JOY

Computerisation in a business like Craven Plc Essay

Plotters: A device designed to produce charts, drawings, maps and other forms of graphical information on paper. The images can be produced by pens, electro-statically, or ink jets. Storage Methods There are two different forms of storage available these are main storage and backing storage. Main Storage: This consists of the Hard disk drive (HDD) and the floppy disk drive. These are storage facilities present within the computer. Information can be saved onto the HDD ready to be opened at some future date. Application software packages and programmes are also stored on the hard disk. The average PC will have an internal HDD of at least 6Gb. The floppy disk drive is another type of main storage. It uses floppy disks to store information in a similar way to a hard drive. Backing Storage: The performance of a computer system can be improved by the addition of more memory. If there is too little memory then more frequent access to the hard disk is required and this will slow down the overall system performance. Therefore many computer applications require quick, direct access to individual records within a file. For this reason, we need backing storage. Backing storage comes in various forms for example compact disks and floppy disks. Backing storage is a portable and convenient way of saving information. To reduce the risk of data loss it is wise to save information on the computers hard drive and make a copy onto a disk or another type of backing storage for insurance purposes. Types of backing storage:   Floppy disks: The most common storage device available, these provide extremely cheap storage and have a capacity of 1. 5 Mb.   Compact Disk (CD-ROM): These have been used for some years as storage devices for computer software. It only accesses information which is already stored on it and is able to store 650 Mb of information.   Zip Drives: A storage device that has become popular over the last few years because it offers the convenience and portability of a floppy disk, combined with a 100 Mb capacity. CD-R and CD-RW:The difference being that CD-R disks can only have data saved to them once, While CD-RW can be used in the same manner as other storage devices having data saved to them on a re-usable basis.   DVD (digital versatile disc) using the same basic principles as the CD, DVD packs the data more densely and can store 4. 7Gb compared with the CD’s 650Mg, can hold 133 minutes of video, with Dolby surround sound. Data pens: A new storage device that plugs into the computers USP drive. These are small and compact and have a capacity of 80Mb. Magnetic Tape: Convenient and cheap medium for backing up hard disks onto computers. Mostly used for mainframe computers for storing information for a long duration. Magnetic tapes will not be suitable for a small company like Craven Plc. Data Protection: Craven Plc must comply with the data protection act in order to hold personal information of customers. The data protection act works in two ways. It gives you certain rights. It also says those who record and use personal information must be open about how the information is used and must follow the eight principles for good handling. The eight principles were put in place to make sure that your information is handled properly. They say that data must be: 1. Fairly and lawfully processed. 2. Processed for limited purposes. 3. Adequate, relevant and not excessive. 4. Accurate. 5. Not kept for longer than is necessary. 6. Processed in line with your rights. 7. Secure, and 8. Not transferred to countries without adequate protection. Micro computers: Micro computers include personal computers and laptop computers, they are usually equipped with hard disk, floppy disk drive, between 1 and 32 megabytes of memory, a keyboard and a VDU unit. Microcomputers will be suitable to fulfil the needs of Craven Plc. Mainframe Computers: These are large systems that can hold vast amounts of data. Mainframe computers occupy a whole floor of a fair sized building. These powerful mainframe computers are present in very large companies storing huge amounts of data on to disk. Mainframe computers cost tens of thousands of pounds, therefore they are not suitable for a small business like Craven Plc. File Server: This is a specially configured microcomputer to control the exchange of files between network users. A file server also has more memory and disk storage than normal microcomputers. These classifications of computers are usually based on physical size, speed, processing capabilities, memory size, disc storage, capacities and cost. Direct and Sequential Access: Direct access devices can go directly to the file or record. For example a CD can go directly to track number 10. Sequential access devices have to run through the file sequentially, for instance, if we want track 10 on a cassette, The cassette moves from the beginning from track 1 to 9 until it comes to track 10. 4) Proposed purchases and prices of equipment 2x Sony Intel 2. 6GHZ DVD CDRW Laptop   256Mb RAM, 40Gb Hard Drive   DVD/CDRW Drive   15 inch TPT screen i 899 each = i 1798 4x Packard Bell 6111 Intel Pentium 42. 8GHZ processor and 15† TFT monitor   Intel P4 2. 8 GHz processor 512 Mb RAM   160 GHb Hard Drive i 1199 each =i 4796 4x PacKard Bell 5050 and Xp2600+ PC and 17† CRT monitor   Athlon Xp 2600 & processor   256Mb RAM. 60 Gb hard Drive i 549 each =i 2196 4x Hewlet Packard DJ 9300 A3 Desktop printer i 279 each =i 1116 3x Hewlet Packard scanner i 99 each =i 396 Network- Windows 2000 professional i 3449 Web Designer Approx 3000to4000 Training costs i 2000 Specialist soft ware – Sage Accounts i 2000 Web Train Video Conferencing i 1000 Total cost i 22751 5) Proposed method of change over from manual to the new computerised systems Before the change over can take place an extensive training programme needs to take place. This may take several months to train the current workforce in the correct operating procedures of the new system. To ensure information will not be lost in transition the old manual method needs to be in place for the first 2 months along side the new computerised system. In the unlikely case of system collapse information and data will still be on hand. This change over will inevitably endure a small cost of training and staff development. 6) Procedure to transfer the payroll from the old to the new system Payroll is something Craven Plc cannot afford to get wrong. Therefore manual systems need to be in place for 3-4 months along side the new computerised sage accounts system. This will again ensure against loss of data.

Movie Lawrence Of Arabia[relating To History]

Movie Lawrence Of Arabia[relating To History] Lawrence of Arabia is a great movie which shows the views of a Arab group who revolts against the Turks with the help of the British. Mainly the British intelligence officer was the main person who helped. In the movie, Lawrence assured the Arabs that if they revolted against the Turks they would be rewarded with their independence after the war. That reminded me of the Panama incident, where U.S. did a similar thing. Since the British, an allied country of the U.S., Lawrence tried to get the British politicians to attend the Versailles peace conference. But after that attempt, the Middle East only led to be split by the French and British Empire. The one thing that I noticed was that in the area which they were fighting, they didn't use a whole lot of the new weapons that we learned. They were still using the old fashion way of fighting.Emir Feisal I (right) and Chaim Weizmann (also wea...

Free Essays on Bram Stoker Dracula

1) Bram Stoker is the author of the book we are currently reading called Dracula. 2) This story is set in two different locations. The first location is in Transylvania and is the home of Dracula. It is where his family has maintained power for quite some time and Dracula wants to restore that power to its height. The setting is of one in the country and is an excellent setting to place the beginning of the story. I believe this would work in any far off destination as long as it is located away from the major populace. It is important for us to see the seclusion of Jonathon and how he becomes trapped in a place where Dracula lives. It is also necessary to have this location because it is a good location for the ending of the story where Dracula tries to return too. If the ending happens in a major city, it loses some of its panache by being in a place where there are many people and there is no real seclusion. The second part of the story is located in England and this too is an important place because it creates an atmosphere where there are many people but yet they are unable to do anything about what is going on in their city. It shows a weakness in a modern town that cannot stop something from an ancient time. It shows the weakness in a modern city to accept that which does not follow the scientific idea and they cannot adapt too. 3) One of the many characters in the story is of course Count Dracula himself. He is a man without a soul and has many immortal qualities. He does have weaknesses though so this makes him more than a man but less than a god. He comes from a line of Dracula and has the ability to change personalities depending on his needs. He can seduce men and women to do his bidding and can yet turn into the most demonic fiend known to man without feelings. This is evident when he offers a baby to the three women who stay with him. His action is motivated by his need for blood and his need to sustain h... Free Essays on Bram Stoker Dracula Free Essays on Bram Stoker Dracula 1) Bram Stoker is the author of the book we are currently reading called Dracula. 2) This story is set in two different locations. The first location is in Transylvania and is the home of Dracula. It is where his family has maintained power for quite some time and Dracula wants to restore that power to its height. The setting is of one in the country and is an excellent setting to place the beginning of the story. I believe this would work in any far off destination as long as it is located away from the major populace. It is important for us to see the seclusion of Jonathon and how he becomes trapped in a place where Dracula lives. It is also necessary to have this location because it is a good location for the ending of the story where Dracula tries to return too. If the ending happens in a major city, it loses some of its panache by being in a place where there are many people and there is no real seclusion. The second part of the story is located in England and this too is an important place because it creates an atmosphere where there are many people but yet they are unable to do anything about what is going on in their city. It shows a weakness in a modern town that cannot stop something from an ancient time. It shows the weakness in a modern city to accept that which does not follow the scientific idea and they cannot adapt too. 3) One of the many characters in the story is of course Count Dracula himself. He is a man without a soul and has many immortal qualities. He does have weaknesses though so this makes him more than a man but less than a god. He comes from a line of Dracula and has the ability to change personalities depending on his needs. He can seduce men and women to do his bidding and can yet turn into the most demonic fiend known to man without feelings. This is evident when he offers a baby to the three women who stay with him. His action is motivated by his need for blood and his need to sustain h...

5 Common African American Stereotypes in TV and Film

5 Common African American Stereotypes in TV and Film African Americans may be scoring more substantial parts in film and television, but many continue to play roles that fuel stereotypes, such as thugs and maids. The prevalence of these parts reveals the importance of  #OscarsSoWhite and how African Americans continue to struggle for quality roles on both the small and big screens, despite having won  Academy Awards  in  acting, screenwriting,  music production and other categories. The Magical Negro Magical Negro characters have long played key roles in films and television programs. These characters tend to be African American men with special powers who make appearances solely to help white characters out of jams, seemingly unconcerned about their own lives. The late Michael Clarke Duncan famously played such a character in â€Å"The Green Mile.† Moviefone wrote of Duncan’s character, John Coffey, â€Å"He’s more an allegorical symbol than a person, his initials are J.C., he has miraculous healing powers, and he voluntarily submits to execution by the state as a way of doing penance for the sins of others. A ‘Magical Negro’ character is often the sign of lazy writing at best, or of patronizing cynicism at worst.† Magical Negroes are also problematic because they have no inner lives or desires of their own. Instead, they exist solely as a support system to the white characters, reinforcing the idea that African Americans aren’t as valuable or as human as their white counterparts. They don’t require unique storylines of their own because their lives simply don’t matter as much. In addition to Duncan, Morgan Freeman has played in some such roles, and Will Smith played a Magical Negro in â€Å"The Legend of Bagger Vance.† The Black Best Friend Black Best Friends typically don’t have special powers like Magical Negroes do, but they mainly function in films and television shows to guide white characters out of a crisis. Usually, female, the black best friend functions â€Å"to support the heroine, often with sass, attitude and a keen insight into relationships and life,† critic Greg Braxton noted in the  Los Angeles Times. Like Magical Negroes, black best friends appear not to have much going on in their own lives but turn up at exactly the right moment to coach white characters through life. In the film â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada,† for example, actress Tracie Thoms plays friend to star Anne Hathaway, reminding Hathaway’s character that she’s losing touch with her values. Also, actress Aisha Tyler played friend to Jennifer Love Hewitt on â€Å"The Ghost Whisperer,† and Lisa Nicole Carson played friend to Calista Flockhart on â€Å"Ally McBeal.† Television executive Rose Catherine Pinkney told the Times that there is a long tradition of black best friends in Hollywood. â€Å"Historically, people of color have had to play nurturing, rational caretakers of the white lead characters. And studios are just not willing to reverse that role.† The Thug There’s no shortage of black male actors playing drug dealers, pimps, con-artists and other forms of criminals in television shows and films such as â€Å"The Wire† and â€Å"Training Day.† The disproportionate amount of African Americans playing criminals in Hollywood fuels the racial stereotype that black men are dangerous and drawn to illicit activities. Often these films and television shows provide little social context for why more black men than others are likely to end up in the criminal justice system. They overlook how racial and economic injustice makes it more difficult for young black men to evade a prison term or how policies such as stop-and-frisk and racial profiling make black men targets of the authorities. They fail to ask whether black men are inherently more likely to be criminals than anyone else or if society plays a role in creating the cradle-to-prison pipeline for African American men. The Brash Woman Black women are routinely portrayed in television and film  as sassy, neck-rolling harpies  with major attitude problems. The popularity of reality television shows adds fuel to the fire of this stereotype. To ensure that programs such as â€Å"Basketball Wives† maintain plenty of drama, often the loudest and most aggressive black women are featured on these shows. Black women say these depictions have real-world consequences in their love lives and careers. When Bravo debuted the reality show â€Å"Married to Medicine† in 2013, black female physicians unsuccessfully petitioned the network to pull the plug on the program. â€Å"For the sake of integrity and character of black female physicians, we must ask that Bravo immediately remove and cancel ‘Married to Medicine’ from its channel, website, and any other media, the physicians demanded.  Black female physicians only compose 1 percent of the American workforce of physicians. Due to our small numbers, the depiction of black female doctors in media, on any scale, highly affects the public’s view of the character of all future and current African American female doctors.† The show ultimately aired and black women continue to complain that depictions of African American womanhood in the media fail to live up to reality. The Domestic Because blacks were forced into servitude for hundreds of years in the United States, it’s no surprise that one of the earliest stereotypes about African Americans to emerge in television and film is that of the domestic worker or mammy. Television shows and movies such as â€Å"Beulah† and â€Å"Gone With The Wind† capitalized on the mammy stereotype in the early 20th century. But more recently, movies such as â€Å"Driving Miss Daisy† and â€Å"The Help† featured African Americans as domestics as well. While Latinos are arguably the group most likely to be typecast as domestic workers nowadays, the controversy over the portrayal of black domestics in Hollywood hasn’t gone away. The 2011 film â€Å"The Help† faced intense criticism because the black maids helped catapult the white protagonist to a new stage in life while their lives remained static. Like the Magical Negro and the Black Best Friend, black domestics in film function mostly to nurture and guide white characters.

Life cycle of information technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Life cycle of information technology - Essay Example The second phase is to conduct a system analysis to identify the source of the problem and find mechanisms of fixing it. Consequently, in a photography printing store; it is fundamental to disintegrate the store into parts to define the exact problem. Thereafter, a system design is implemented to outline the operations and functions of the store using process diagrams and other forms of documentations (Kelkar, 2011). Third, comprehending the environments under which the employees work is vital because it establishes certain critical purposes. It is because it sets a platform for planning, operation and provisioning to achieve user acceptance during testing. Fourth phase of the life cycle encompasses testing of the computerized time entry system for any defects to ascertain the stability of the whole system. However, the second last phase of training and transition is essential to help staff at the photography printing store learn how to use the new system. Finally, it can operate thr ough a few enhancements and changes during

Failed business innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Failed business innovation - Essay Example However, not all innovations are successful. Some of the innovations after their launch fail due to a number of reasons that are inherent to their development. When an innovation fails, the companies may quit innovating or revise its strategies. For most innovators, failure acts as a trigger to innovate further. These innovators get better ideas from their failed experiments and in most cases, the innovations come out successful (Dalal, n.d.). Failure and success occurs to both big and small businesses. How a business whether big or small deals with the outcome, determines how successful it can be in its innovation. An example of a failed business innovation is the COMET jet passenger liner. COMET jet passenger liner known as the de Havilland Comet 1 was the first jet airliner in the history of air transport. The jet airliner entered into service in the year 1952 on May 2. The jet airliner served the routes between London and Johannesburg. The launch and commercialization of de Havilland Comet was done in 1952. Before its launch, the Comet was put under extensive series of flight tests that included tropical operations, overseas flights and high altitude takeoffs. The test flights amounted to 500 hours of proving flights and flight crew training. Having satisfactorily completed the tests, the Comet jet airliner was given a go ahead to start its operations. The inauguration of the de Havilland Comet jet airliner commercial services between London and Johannesburg, and Singapore and Tokyo was done by the British Overseas Airways Corporation. The start of the commercial services was successful utilizing only 23.5 hours for the trip between London and Johannesburg instead of the normal 40 hours that a normal aircraft utilizes. The hours used were inclusive of the refueling stops in Rome, Beirut, Khartoum, Entebbe and Livingstone. This was the start of the jet airline evolution and the

Modify the last one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modify the last one - Essay Example 2.2 Basis of the Research The present research will be focused on an individual company ( J T Inglis & Sons) although it is necessary to make an industry analysis prior to arriving at any conclusion. The analysis will be that for the garments industry which has a widespread presence in almost every nation around the world. It will be that in context of the Indian market although the market in other Asian transition economies, characterized by similar traits will be assessed as well. The idea will be to examine the extent to which the garments industry in India is open for Western entrants. After an assessment of the behavioral nature of the garments industry in India, the next step will be to evaluate the possibilities of J T Inglis & Sons successfully launching its stores in the country. 2.3 Recent Developments The present case will be that in the context of Indian garments industry and the peer industry in other transition economies of Asia such as China, Taiwan, etc., where J T In glis & Sons has found a robust spot. ... is also evident from the fact that it contributes almost 14% to the aggregate industrial production yielded by the country apart from the fact that it accounts for 30% of total exports of the economy. The export statistic of the economy is found to be growing quite highly as is prominent from the fact that it increased annually by almost 22% between 2004-05 and 2005-06. In the global context, textile exports from India out of aggregate exports in the segment are found to be lying between 3% and 4% according to 2005-06 statistics. Of all foreign markets which highly demand Indian textile garments are Europe and USA where Indian apparel accounts for respectively 43% and 33% of the total apparels being sold. In addition, a large part of South East Asia also accounts for huge export demand for Indian apparels (India Exports and Business Trade Zone, n.d.). Thus, there is high demand for Indian garments and apparels all across the world. But most of these apparels are highly oriental in fa shion and the high demand accounts mainly for the huge Indian population which resides in these regions, although this might not be considered the case for men’s wear. Women’s wears being exported are in line with Indian trends which are mostly what the nation produces. On the other hand, the nation poses high demand for Western wear as well, in an era of increased globalization where the young generation is highly influenced by the trends prevailing in the West. These trends might not be possible for the indigenous manufacturers to master, which is exactly what creates the room for the entry of Western textile houses. 2.4 Issue to be solved In order to figure out the issues and problems to be addressed in this paper in line with the aforementioned topic, the following points could be

Key Strategic Alliances in Middle East Assignment

Key Strategic Alliances in Middle East - Assignment Example We should study about the Middle East because we can learn from the trials and tribulations suffered over the last few thousand years. In addition to this, the Middle East is at the center of three continents: Asia, Europe, and Africa. This makes not only the land valuable, but also the trade routes that go through this region. This perhaps explains why there have been so many wars in the region and why there is still conflict there today. Middle Eastern culture has also greatly influenced the way that westerners think, such as through mathematics. The origin of western numbers is Arabic, and many mathematical concepts first originated in the Middle East. Looking towards the future, the situation in the Middle East is changing as local economies experience growth and the people want to have more of a say in the political process. Learning from these experiences can only help understand the western form of democracy.

Food Safety and Biosecurity Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food Safety and Biosecurity Policy - Essay Example The human aspect of biosecurity includes zoonotic diseases and biological food safety. Plant production provides the basis of the human food chain and it is therefore a crucial target of biosecurity. Food safety and biosecurity policy have attracted a lot of debate. Many people are against this policy and countless others are of a different opinion supporting their cause and grounds. This paper will highlight some of the arguments that have been forwarded in favor of the policy and also summarize some of the arguments against it. Many forces have heightened interest in biosecurity, including the increasing and globalized trade in food and agricultural products, expanding populations, advances in communications and technology, changing consumer patterns, rising popular awareness of sanitary and phyto-sanitary issue and greater attention to biodiversity and the environment and the impact of agriculture on these (Gullino, Fletcher and Gamliel, 2008, pg. 7). There are many arguments whic h have been forwarded in support of the food safety and biosecurity policy. Some of these include; Food safety and Biosecurity policies facilitates the necessary infrastructure that is needed to prevent, detect, diagnose, respond and recover from disease outbreaks (Falk, Wallace and Ndoen, 2011, pg. 53). The trends for increased agricultural trade among nations contribute to the goal of global food security. However, this increased trade also brings heightened pressures from natural and intentional introductions of plant pathogens that threaten agricultural systems as well as food production and distribution systems. The food safety and Biosecurity policies put in place facilitate the necessary infrastructure that is needed to prevent, detect, diagnose, respond and recover from disease outbreaks. Biosecurity policy facilitates the efficient use of limited resources through the harmonization of regulatory frameworks. Biosecurity recognizes common features among the relevant sectors, particularly in approaches to risk assessment and risk management, notification procedures, information exchange and international cooperation (Vapnek and Spreij, 2005, pg. 200). Thus it reduces burdens and facilitates the efficient use of limited resources by harmonizing the regulatory frameworks. Food production and distribution networks are susceptible to accidental on-farm contamination with human pathogens. Food safety and Biosecurity policies facilitate for the recognition of and effective preparation for, the threat of agro-terrorism, this subsequently permits government and agribusinesses to reduce the vulnerability of the agro-food system. Food safety and Biosecurity policies are very vital in the maintenance of national security in terms of assuring its citizenry an uninterrupted supply of healthy food as well as economic growth. The vulnerability of agriculture and the food chain to attack by those intending harm is based on several key features. One of these is the very importance of agriculture to national economies. Disruption of agricultural systems could have widespread and dramatic economic consequences in the food, feed and fiber sectors (Gullino, Fletcher and Gamliel, 2008, pg. 3). Affected stakeholders could include farmers and input suppliers, processors, upstream contributors such as the agrochemical industry and even the tourism and transportation sectors. Agricultural exports in most

Saudi Airline and the Privatisation Dissertation

Saudi Airline and the Privatisation - Dissertation Example However, in essence, it refers to the shift of partial or full responsibility for a function performed by the public sector or government to the private sector. The most common usage of the term takes place when a public sector entity is divested, either through sale or a long term lease, to a private entity (Veljanovski & Bentley, 2008, p. 42). However, technically, the granting of a long term franchise or concession to the private sector investors, where they would build, manage and operate a major project also falls under the umbrella of privatisation. Furthermore, in a third type of privatisation, a government entity retains control of the strategic direction of the public service but allows a private entity to deliver a public service. This form of privatisation is commonly known as outsourcing or contracting (Bortolotti, et al., 2004, pp. 330). Reasons for Privatisation As argued by Megginson & Netter (2001) that the government usually justifies privatisation with three reasons . First, privatisation generates revenue which could be used to reduce the fiscal deficits and pay off debts. Throughout the history, in times of dire need, huge debts and fiscal deficits, policymakers have resorted to privatisation of the SOEs s that they reduce fiscal deficits and pay off the public debt (Bos, 2011, p. 41). Consider the ongoing example of the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, where countries such as Spain, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Iceland and others are facing a difficult time in meeting their debt obligation. Many of the European countries have sold off several public entities to generate much needed revenue. In fact, many countries that have acquired bailouts from International Monetary Fund (IMF) and European Central Bank (ECB) have had to sign agreements promising the privatisation of several underperforming public sector institutions. Therefore, in these countries, privatisation is an attempt at bailing out the government and the SOEs. Second, policymakers mig ht also undertake privatisation to reverse the effects of â€Å"crowding out† within markets and encourage the private enterprises to take the lead. As apparent from the theory of crowding out, when governments, while following an expansionary fiscal policy, increase the size of the public sector, it drives out the private sector from the market (Cashore, 2002, p. 505). More importantly, in several cases, even a moderate increase in public sector might drive out several private entities. Therefore, when public sector entities leave the competitive arena, with their monopoly, concessions, subsidies, unlimited funds and several other advantages, it encourages the private sector to enter the market (Vickers & Yarrow, 1988, p. 52). When the government no longer is there to distort the market, the market forces ensure effective and efficient resource allocation, which not only generates employment

Food Safety and Biosecurity Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food Safety and Biosecurity Policy - Essay Example The human aspect of biosecurity includes zoonotic diseases and biological food safety. Plant production provides the basis of the human food chain and it is therefore a crucial target of biosecurity. Food safety and biosecurity policy have attracted a lot of debate. Many people are against this policy and countless others are of a different opinion supporting their cause and grounds. This paper will highlight some of the arguments that have been forwarded in favor of the policy and also summarize some of the arguments against it. Many forces have heightened interest in biosecurity, including the increasing and globalized trade in food and agricultural products, expanding populations, advances in communications and technology, changing consumer patterns, rising popular awareness of sanitary and phyto-sanitary issue and greater attention to biodiversity and the environment and the impact of agriculture on these (Gullino, Fletcher and Gamliel, 2008, pg. 7). There are many arguments whic h have been forwarded in support of the food safety and biosecurity policy. Some of these include; Food safety and Biosecurity policies facilitates the necessary infrastructure that is needed to prevent, detect, diagnose, respond and recover from disease outbreaks (Falk, Wallace and Ndoen, 2011, pg. 53). The trends for increased agricultural trade among nations contribute to the goal of global food security. However, this increased trade also brings heightened pressures from natural and intentional introductions of plant pathogens that threaten agricultural systems as well as food production and distribution systems. The food safety and Biosecurity policies put in place facilitate the necessary infrastructure that is needed to prevent, detect, diagnose, respond and recover from disease outbreaks. Biosecurity policy facilitates the efficient use of limited resources through the harmonization of regulatory frameworks. Biosecurity recognizes common features among the relevant sectors, particularly in approaches to risk assessment and risk management, notification procedures, information exchange and international cooperation (Vapnek and Spreij, 2005, pg. 200). Thus it reduces burdens and facilitates the efficient use of limited resources by harmonizing the regulatory frameworks. Food production and distribution networks are susceptible to accidental on-farm contamination with human pathogens. Food safety and Biosecurity policies facilitate for the recognition of and effective preparation for, the threat of agro-terrorism, this subsequently permits government and agribusinesses to reduce the vulnerability of the agro-food system. Food safety and Biosecurity policies are very vital in the maintenance of national security in terms of assuring its citizenry an uninterrupted supply of healthy food as well as economic growth. The vulnerability of agriculture and the food chain to attack by those intending harm is based on several key features. One of these is the very importance of agriculture to national economies. Disruption of agricultural systems could have widespread and dramatic economic consequences in the food, feed and fiber sectors (Gullino, Fletcher and Gamliel, 2008, pg. 3). Affected stakeholders could include farmers and input suppliers, processors, upstream contributors such as the agrochemical industry and even the tourism and transportation sectors. Agricultural exports in most

Show how issues of social class are important in at least two of the Essay

Show how issues of social class are important in at least two of the works studied - Essay Example In all work, low social position of the main characters prevents them to achieve appreciation and recognition they deserve. The novel Heart of Darkness (1900) is one of the most unique and outstanding works based on philosophical and psychological interpretations, historical and sociological issues. Until the actual military conquest of most of Africa by Europeans, the continents populations, except in regions significantly influenced by intruders from Asia, were largely left free to shape their own individual paths of development. This novel describes the controls the means of production and hence the sale and distribution of products, the capitalist returns less to the workers than what the worker actually produces. This is called exploitation, and the rate at which the capitalists extract surplus from the labor of their workers is called the rate of exploitation. Marx expressed this as the rate of exploitation: surplus/variable capital. This means getting more out of the productive process for the same or lower costs. It means workers will have to produce more without receiving a commensurate increase in wages, that is, an increase in the rate of exploitation. â€Å"The vision seemed to enter the house with me - the stretcher, the phantom-bearers, the wild crowd of obedient worshippers, the gloom of the forests,†¦ the beat of the drum, regular and muffled like the beating of a heart - the heart of a conquering darkness† (Conrad). In the play, Amadeus P. Shaffer describes the impact of social class on a genuine and inability to resists social principles and values. The play concentrates on personal relations between Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri and their rivalry. This play portrays that a unique talent of a person and his genius means nothing fo society which values high social position and wealth. First, this play helps legitimate prevailing class and status

Who Was Right about Popular Culture Essay Example for Free

Who Was Right about Popular Culture Essay Popular culture or Pop Culture is the in thing today. Many people are up to it especially the youths. It emerged from different fields, from the latest fashion, latest gadgets, and latest celebrities – may it be actors or actresses or singers, latest movies, latest computer games, latest music, latest arts, to the latest party place or get away. Popular culture is something that almost every country has because in one way or another, every country influences one another. In this time, the central source of the popular culture is the United States of America and the European Countries. In the U. S., there is Hollywood which is the haven of different people who loves the latest trends in music, films, and celebrities. There is Tokyo in Japan, New York in the United States, Madrid and Italy in Europe which are the sources of the popular culture. Popular culture can be defined in many aspects, but there is one thing in common. Popular culture is characterized as impersonal. It is something that has a static dimension because popular culture changes over time. Its components are changing every time and it depends on what the season is. There are many known sociologists who write about the popular culture. There are many approaches in studying the popular culture. It has different interpretations. One of the most noted writers or thinkers of popular culture is C. L. R James and Theodor Adorno. Each of them has defined popular culture based on their sociological background and based on the thoughts they are in. As for C. L. R. James he has the Marxist influence, while Theodor Adorno was mainly influenced by Frankfurt School. The two sociologists tackle popular culture with different approach. With their given approach, it can be easily seen who is most right when it comes popular culture. In this paper I will discuss the premises they have given to come up with the right conclusion of who has the right in discussing and/or who is the better writer of the popular culture. Cyril Lionel Robert James, 1901-1989 C. L. R. James was born in Trinidad and Tobago. He went to Queen’s Royal College. He is considered as a social theorist and journalist. He is a member of Beacon Group which is related to The Beacon Magazine. The works of James are focused on the societal changes, the class status, and the types of society. He has been an activist of the equality of all men. He is the analyst of the changes in the society which has big effects on the world. But his works are all dedicated to his fellow Negros. His works are devoted for them. He has tried to uplift the status of Negroes around the world. Popular Culture for him is a hybrid of classic humanist reflexes and the receptivity in a postmodernist way to novelty, celebrity, and genre. He gave emphasis on the interplay among the creators, formats, audiences, and the capacity of people. This is based upon the production and consumption of different variations of art and entertainment. He is deeply committed to the discussion of humanist learning and popular protest. He also tapped politics and particularly the socialism. He said that culture has a commoditized form; this can be accounted to his deep attachment in literature and cricket. He said that mass audience has a big part in the emergence of classical drama and contemporary sport. The consumption of popular culture can be represented by the connection to literature and cricket. Thus, popular culture was brought about by the interaction of the individual artist and mass audience.

Effectiveness of Aromatherapy for Depression and Stress

Effectiveness of Aromatherapy for Depression and Stress CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION Introduction In chapter five, major finding of the study was discussed, testing of hypothesis followed by examination of the data addressing the research question. In addition, the strengths and weakness of the study was explored. Next the implication of the study is presented followed by recommendations for future research and limitations faced as the study being conducted. 5.1 Overview of the study The study was designed to examine the effectiveness of aromatherapy inhalation for 7 days in reducing depression, anxiety and stress during clinical practice among first year UiTM Nursing students. Numerous research studies have highlighted the relationship between effect of depression, anxiety and stress on nursing student during clinical practice. At the beginning of clinical practice period, the researcher introduced the study objective and informed consent process to the first year nursing student of the Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Puncak Alam. Students who were interested in participating signing an informed consent form. A total of 42 students signed the informed consent and had an opportunity to ask question during initial meeting. Participants completed the DASS questionnaire (pretest) and were selected into two groups from convenient sampling. As a result, 20 participants in experimental group and 22 in the control group for purposes of data analysis. 5.2 Baseline characteristic of participants The sample population of this study was composed of first year nursing student from diploma program in UiTM Puncak Alam from both genders who free from taking any relaxation medication. The study groups were homogenous with respect this characteristics, so influenced of these aspect can be generalized for all the nursing students who were evaluated (p = 0.175, p = 0.716). Summary of the result Objective number 1 To determine the baseline level of anxiety score in experimental and control group. The baseline mean score for depression, anxiety and stress in the control group was 16.14Â ±2.765, 13.32Â ±6.658 and 20.36Â ±2.341 respectively and the baseline mean score for depression, anxiety and stress in the experimental group was 15.25Â ±2.359, 13.20Â ±5.917 and 21.65Â ±2.183. An independent t-test at the 95% confidence interval and .05 level of significance was computed to compare the average depression, anxiety and stress score between both groups, and it was concluded that the sampling process effectively produced equivalent groups with respect to depression, anxiety and stress score at baseline, t =-1.112, p = 0.27, t = -0.61, p = 0.952, t = 1.836, p = 0.074. This indicated that the levels of DAS in the two groups were the same at the beginning. 5.3 Baseline DAS score in both group In this study, for baseline score, both groups was had a moderate level of depression, anxiety and stress (DAS). Possible explanation for the higher prevalence of baseline DAS score among this study population could be due to preparation for practice require more than developing skills in the on campus lab. It entails developing an ability to provide safe and effective care to other human beings in various clinical settings. This components of developing expertise as a student nurse can be very stressful to nursing students and create anxiety. In health professional education, the clinical perspective is identified as fundamental field for students to learn about practice in the ‘actual’ world (Egan Jaye, 2009). Prior to the education of health professionals, in particular nurses, has switched from an apprentice-based training model where the regular practice of task and activities are highlighted, to university-based preparation that educated student to understand situation and pursue and wisely use evidence in practice. (Henderson, Cooke, Creedy Walker, 2012) The clinical practicum is a significant and essential element of any undergraduate nursing degree. Experiences during clinical placement are effective in shaping student attitudes to learning, practice and professional development (Henderson, Cooke, Creedy Walker, 2012). High levels of anxiety can affect student’s learning, performance (Sharif Armitage, 2004; Moscaritolo, 2009) and in some cases retention within a nursing program (Moscaritolo, 2009). According to Melincavage (2011), students likely to experience anxiety when in any new learning experience and while evolve from novice to expert. According to Burnad et al. (2008) and Pulido-Martos et al. (2012) they found that witnessing the death of patient, relationship between student and mentor and/or staff, providing care, lack of knowledge and skills, practical and assignment are common clinical stressors among nursing student. Furthermore, nursing student at both novice and experienced level believed that clinical stressor more stressful that academic and external one (related to daily life) and generate more psychosocial responses such as anxiety, cognitive symptoms and depression (Blomberg, 2014). However, previously recognized clinical stress factor are lack of knowledge and professional ability, lack of understanding with history and medical terms, heavy workload, being in an unfamiliar situation, mistakes with patients or handling of technical instruments (Basso Mussoetal.,2008; Chanetal.,2009; Jimenezetal.,2010). This factor might be more frequent in hospital settings. This could clarify why student more likely t o experience stress during clinical placement in hospital (Blomberg, 2014). A study conducted by Goff (2011) found that nursing students has been long perceived by nursing department and students to experience higher levels of stress than other college student. Nursing student believed that they have little leisure time because they needed to study, with assignments and clinical task (Reeve, Shumaker, Yearwood, Riley Crowell, 2013). Shriver and Scott-Stiles (2000) found another leading factor to high level of stress is that clinical task demanded nursing student to spend substantial time away from campus and also require them to be responsible for the well being of patients In the other word, these activities take off student from normal social development of their friends (Reeve, Shumaker, Yearwood, Riley Crowell, 2013). According to Melincavage (2011), students likely to experience anxiety when in any new learning experience and while evolve from novice to expert. Objective number 2 To compare mean of post depression, anxiety and stress score level between intervention and control group. The H1o was: There is no difference in level of depression, anxiety and stress score between intervention and control group. An independent t-test at the .05 significance level was computed to compare mean of post depression, anxiety and stress score level between intervention and control group. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean of post depression, anxiety and stress score, t = -2.072, p = 0.045, t = -2.625, p = 0.012, t = -3.232, p = 0.002 respectively. The null hypothesis was rejected. It was concluded that there is a significant difference in level of depression, anxiety and stress score between those students who did not received aromatherapy and those student who received aromatherapy after the intervention. Both group showed a decreasing in mean score of DAS after the intervention. However, aromatherapy group significantly lower than control group. In the other word aromatherapy was effectively reduced level of DAS in the experimental group after seven day of inhalation. However, although being exposed to water, mean score of control group also show a reduction in posttest compare to pretest. But, it was not significant as aromatherapy group. Objective no 3 To examine the mean of depression, anxiety and stress score in intervention and control group before and after introducing the intervention. A paired t-test at the 95% confidence interval and .05 significance level was computed to examine mean of depression, anxiety and stress score in experimental and control group before and after introducing the intervention. There was significant different in the mean score of DAS between pretest and posttest among student who received aromatherapy, t = 9.51, p = 0.00, t = 5.39, p = 0.00, t = 11.11, p = 0.00 respectively. The group of student who do not received aromatherapy also significant difference in the mean score of DAS between pretest and posttest t = 4.09, p = 0.001, t = 2.23, p = 0.037, t = 4.87, p = 0.000 respectively. However, mean score of depression and anxiety in the aromatherapy group significantly lower than the control group. 5.4 Reduction of DAS score In our study, intervention group who received aromatherapy inhalation for 7 days showed significance reduction of DAS score with p value 0.045, 0.012, 0.002. The null hypothesis of the study was rejected because there was a beneficial effects and statistically significant effect from aromatherapy in reducing depression, anxiety and stress score in the sample of nursing students. We accept alternative H1 and H2 since there is difference in level of DAS between intervention and control group and intervention group has showed a reduction in level of DAS after introducing the aromatherapy. Result from this study also supports previous research on effectiveness of aromatherapy (Johnson, 2013). This finding is similar to a study conducted among 110 nurses in the hospital. A small bottle containing 3% lavender oil was pinned on their clothes to examine the effectiveness of lavender oil to reduce stress related job among nurses. The study found that there is reduction of the number of stress symptoms for 3 to 4 days in the experimental group after aromatherapy was carried out (Chen, Fang Fang, 2013). Another consistent finding from a study by Yuen, Mei and Wing (2014) found that there was significant improvement in the reduction of stress level (p = 0.001) and the reduction of anxiety level (p = 0.044) when compared pre and post aromatherapy inhalation among nursing student in Hong Kong facing final examination. The result from this study similar to previous study conducted to determine the impact of aromatherapy on the anxiety level of patients experiencing coronary angiography. The study concluded that anxiety level decreased significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group after aromatherapy (P However, in this study, participant in control group showed a reduction in the level of DAS after the intervention. This result showed that nursing students seek for other intervention or coping method to overcome the depression, anxiety and stress during clinical practice. A study carried on baccalaureate nursing students in Jordan in their initial period of clinical practice found that needed support and guidance from clinical instructors helped to reduce stress and promote a positive clinical experience. Furthermore, nursing student applied the most common used of coping strategy in relieving stress such as a problem solving behavior followed by staying enthusiastic and conversion of attention from the stressful event to other things was of coping strategies ( Shaban, Khater Akhu-Zaheya, 2012). Other than that, another study carried out by Por, Barriball, Fitzpatrick and Roberts (2011) found another factor that relieving stress was emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence was absolutely related to well-being (p 5.5 Recommendation The results of this pretest, posttest design study revealed that the effect of aromatherapy oil on depression, anxiety and stress among first year nursing students during clinical practice was statistically significant. Based on previous discussions in this chapter and the rationale for this study, future research is recommended in nursing education with large sample and close room to allow the aroma ventilated in the room. Other as this study has shown the effectiveness of aromatherapy in reducing depression, anxiety and stress among nursing student, this evidence based will be suggested to UiTM Nursing Department to apply this method to nursing student especially during attending clinical practice. Other than that, aromatherapy also can use for nursing student before attending exam especially objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). 5.6 Implication of the study The implication of the study are that, it can increase awareness to the nursing department about problem of nursing student during clinical practice and the negative effect toward nursing curricular. It also exposed and encourages the lecturer or staff in the nursing department on the utilization of the aromatherapy among nursing student. The finding of this study can provide a nursing student with stress coping method using aromatherapy. With the use of aromatherapy, student can focus on learning and perform procedure in the clinical area effectively and increasing the quality of patient care. Furthermore, aromatherapy is a safe, cost-effective, time appreciative intervention that can be implemented in nursing education. 5.7 Limitation The following limitations were identified during the administration and analysis of the current study to assess the effect of aromatherapy on depression, anxiety and stress among first year nursing students during clinical practice. The purpose of this section is to provide a critical assessment of the study’s limitations. The primary researcher did not have control over where the duration of inhalation during the intervention due to participants freely to stay in any room instead of their own room. As a result, the duration of inhalation may have contributed to the significance of pre and posttest in the control group. Participant in the control group may stay in the room of participant in experimental group. Thus, the participant was indirectly inhaled the aromatherapy oil. It would be beneficial to place the both group in different block of residential college. Summary In conclusion, the overall study’s findings were statistically and clinically significant in demonstrating that aromatherapy is able to reduce level of depression, anxiety and stress during clinical practice among first year nursing student. Theses results are similar to those study demonstrated by Johnson (2013) Chen, Fang Fang (2013) andYuen, Mei Wing (2014) with the aim to measure the effectiveness of aromatherapy in reducing depression stress and anxiety among nursing student and nursing staff. An extension of this study over a longer time period with a larger sample size and using Randomized Control Trial (RCT) design may provide better results in future studies. Conclusion This quasi-experimental study set out to examine the effectiveness of aromatherapy in reducing depression, anxiety and stress during clinical practice among first year nursing student. The result showed that such students perceived moderate level of depression, anxiety and stress prior to attending clinical placement in hospital. The purpose of reducing depression, anxiety and stress among nursing student is part of strategy to promote effective learning environment especially during attachment in hospital. Depression, anxiety and stress can hinder student’s self confidence to perform nursing care to patient. Other than that, it gives a bad impression toward nursing department as their student unable to show a competency during performs a procedure in the hospital. Since clinical practice is vital element in nursing education, students are believes to apply the basic nursing skills in the clinical areas that enable the application of theoretical knowledge to develop. However, if the students unable to relieve their depression, anxiety and stress, these objectives are unable to be achieve and give a loss to student and nursing department. Therefore, there is a need for nursing department to encourage student to utilize the evidence based-practice especially during attending clinical practice with recomm ended solution which is aromatherapy inhalation. The research gap has been addressed and the findings showed consistent with previous studies. Research question of this study has been answered and the study null hypothesis was rejected based on the data analysis. The overall finding showed that aromatherapy has a positive effect in reducing depression, anxiety and stress among nursing student. The finding identified pointed to rejection of study null hypothesis because the use of lavender aromatherapy significantly reduce the level of depression, anxiety and stress in nursing student compared to use of water. Hence, aromatherapy was proven as an effective coping strategy in this study in addition to others in the literature. This result supported previous studies on same setting and population (Johnson, 2013). It is critical for nursing student to overcome depression, anxiety and stress and aromatherapy can facilitate to relieve these problems. Although sample size in this study was small, there exists quantitative evidence that aromatherapy has a role to play in nursing curricular especially among students attending clinical area. The design and results of this study will hopefully inspired nursing researcher to explore the phenomenon of depression, anxiety and stress during clinical practice and create innovative practices to minimize it in the future. Nursing faculty must continue to create advanced method to facilitate success for student who experience depression, anxiety and stress The increasing diversity of nursing students in age, gender, and ethnicity will continue to grow in future years, and nursing faculty will require more expertise that addresses students holistically (Jeffreys, 2012).

Birth Control :: Contraceptives, Birth Control Essays

The practice of birth control prevents conception, thus limiting reproduction. The term birth control, coined by Margaret SANGER in 1914, usually refers specifically to methods of contraception, including STERILIZATION. The terms family planning and planned parenthood have a broader application. METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL Attempts to control fertility have been going on for thousands of years. References to preventing conception are found in the writings of priests, philosophers, and physicians of ancient Egypt and Greece. Some methods, though crude, were based on sound ideas. For example, women were advised to put honey, olive oil, or oil of cedar in their vaginas to act as barriers. The stickiness of these substances was thought to slow the movement of sperm into the uterus. Wads of soft wool soaked in lemon juice or vinegar were used as tampons, in the belief that they would make the vagina sufficiently acidic to kill the sperm. The Talmud mentions using a piece of sponge to block the cervix, the entrance to the uterus. Sperm Blockage Several modern methods of birth control are practiced by creating a barrier between the sperm and the egg cell. This consists of the use of a chemical foam, a cream, or a suppository. Each contains a chemical, or spermicide that stops sperm. They are not harmful to vaginal tissue. Each must be inserted shortly before COITUS. Foams are squirted from aerosol containers with nozzles or from applicators that dispense the correct amount of foam and spread it over the cervix; creams and jellies are squeezed from tubes and held in place by a diaphragm or other device; and suppositories--small waxy pellets melted by body heat--are inserted by hand. More effective at keeping sperm and egg apart are mechanical barriers such as the diaphragm and cervical cap (both used with a spermicide), the sponge, and the condom. A diaphragm is a shallow rubber cup that is coated with a spermicide and positioned over the cervix before intercourse. Size is important; women need to have a pelvic examination and get a prescription for the proper diaphragm. The cervical cap, less than half the size but used in the same way, has been available worldwide for decades. It was not popular in the United States, however, and in 1977 it failed to gain approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA); in 1988, the FDA again permitted its sale. The contraceptive sponge, which keeps its spermidical potency for 48 hours after being inserted in the vagina, was approved in 1983. Like the diaphragm and cervical cap, the sponge has an estimated effectiveness rate of about 85%. The devices only rarely produce side effects such as irritation and allergic reactions and, very rarely, infections. The condom, a rubber sheath, is rolled

Blended Families

Family Report – Blended Families Blended families, also known as  stepfamilies, are more  familiar  now than ever. Statistics show that 65% of remarriages include  children from previous relationships. When families blend  to create stepfamilies, things rarely progress  as  smoothly  as planned. Some children might resist the many changes they have to face, while parents might become frustrated or disappointed when their new family doesn’t function the way they want to or like their previous family did. The three most important things blended families need to do  are  have appropriate discipline,  overcome their difficulties,  and spend quality time with each other. The most common problem in blended families is discipline. In disciplining children, parents should remember the Bible passage  Ephesians 4:2 â€Å"Be humble and gentle. Be patient with each other, making allowances for each other’s faults because of your love. †Ã‚  New customs,  personalities,  and memories are all added to the new household. However, it is still important that a child is the child and an adult is still the adult. Children need a balance of love and discipline in their lives. Stepparents must give their stepchildren their much needed affection, as they would do to their own children. As you do this, the loving feelings will grow in time. It is the role of every parent (step or natural) to obey their responsibility of properly raising children and children have a responsibility to honor and listen to their parents. It would be very helpful if  the natural parent talked to their children early on to acknowledge the control the  stepparent has  and the respect that needs to be given towards the stepparent. When the children know ahead of time what is expected of them, their acceptance of the new family will be much easier. When two separate families come together, there are going to be many conflicts. Talking about them and understanding the other's feelings is a necessary and critical thing to do. It's very tempting for parents to stand up for their own child and point a finger at the stepchild and it's equally tempting for parents to accuse their spouse of unbalanced discipline. In times like these, parents should remember the  Bible  passage  Ephesians 4:29, 31-32: â€Å"Don’t use foul or abusive language. Let everything you say be good and helpful, so that your words will be an encouragement to those who hear them. Get rid of all bitterness, rage, anger, harsh words, and slander, as well as all types of malicious behavior. Instead, be kind to each other, tenderhearted, forgive one another, just as God through Christ has forgiven you. †Ã‚  Parents must understand that their  children are thrown together with near strangers and suddenly feel they have to compete for their parent's attention. It will take time to build a history, but someday the feelings  will grow from affection into familial love. It may take time and most likely won't be very easy, but it is well worth the effort in the end. Quality time is crucial in blended families. Stepparents should remember the Bible passage  Isaiah 66:13: â€Å"I will comfort as a child is comforted by its mother. †Ã‚  Stepparents also need to be understanding about the fact that the children need quality time with their natural parent. This gives the children time to know they are still important and that the stepparent is not trying to come between them and their natural parent. It is also very important to go for an outing as a whole family. Parents can't forget to make time for the two of them without the kids as well. Children do not have enough maturity to understand the dynamics of a new family and how loving it could be; but adults should. Much like when couples adopt a child, they chose to marry into a family with children. Pray a lot for them and with them, nurture them, care  for them, and accept them even when they seem to push away. Blended families are becoming more and more important in our society. It’s very crucial for adults today to understand what the most important things are in creating a blended family. Having appropriate discipline will help the children grow up to be polite, civil, and courteous. Overcoming difficulties and spending quality time with your new family will help you all become closer and have a healthy relationship. Therefore, it’s clear that having appropriate discipline, overcoming difficulties, and spending quality time with each other are the three most important things for a blended family to do.

Thoreau Essay

English Thoreau’s views and morals were very controversial, for he believed that being secluded from society is the best way to live. Thoreau believed in the simple life. He describes this lifestyle by how these people â€Å"will not be frittered away by detail† pg. 382. This means that others lives are based on repetition. People make their own lives busy. Thoreau believed by living a life based on simplicity, others can live in happiness away from society, for tradition, and conformity will be their ticket to success.Thoreau gives valuable advice in his writing. He states that being poor is a simple way of living. By not handling items that are valuable, the poor succeed more in life. They tend to succeed more than an average person because they do not have material things to possess their attention and focus. People are always going to do what the majority is doing. This may be the reason why Thoreau left the Walden Pond, because by living his life secluded, he thoug ht he would not be able to complete more in his life.By saying the statement, â€Å"I had several more lives to live. † He meant that staying by Walden Pond would not do him any good. He wanted his voice to be heard. Thoreau also gave ideas about tradition, and conformity. His ideas about tradition stated that older people will never change the way they do things because that is just how it has been to them. Tradition is hard to change, for it is always how something has been done and people will not stand out and change their views. They will not change their views because they do not want to stand out in society.Thoreau’s view on conformity is that people will do anything to look normal through the public’s eye. They may act completely different in public than they act at home, for they are scared to act out against others. They just want to be similar to everyone and avoid hard treatment. My view on Thoreau’s experience is he is crazy. It is unheard of a man to leave society and live in the wilderness for a long period of time. It is an odd thing to do. It is not a strange happening for one to leave for a short period of time to recollect himself, but leaving for a long time is unheard of.He seemed to think that his own personal welfare was more important than being social. He did not want to be caught up in the personal affairs of others, and leaving society was his way of staying secluded. By leaving society, living a life of simplicity is easy, for he truly was happy in his time being out in the wilderness. Thoreau’s views will be acknowledged among the greatest writers in the world. His views gave society an understanding on how to live. He learned how to deal with society and excelled in his work.

Invitational Leadership Essay

Introduction Leadership, and the study of it, has its commencement in the early civilizations. Ancient rulers, pharaohs, emperors and biblical patriarchs have one thing in common – leadership. Although scholars have been studying this phenomenon for almost two centuries, numerous definitions and theories abound throughout. However, enough similarities exist so as to define â€Å"leadership† as an effort of influence and the power to induce compliance (Wren, 1995). Leadership is a process through which an individual influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. This definition of leadership is relatively similar to that of Northouse’s (2007,p.3) And the definition of a leader stipulated by Peter Drucker is someone who has followers. The capacity to influence others is dependent on the power detained. The leader’s attitudes would definitely determine the level of productivity from his employees. A Task Orientation or Directive Behaviour reflects the concern of a leader for the actual task at hand whereas Employee Orientation or Supportive Behaviours reflects how much a leader is concerned for the people around him, providing support and encouragement for them. Concurrently, different theories have been developed for the field of leadership but we would be showing more attention to the Invitational Leadership theory. The research on the effects of Invitational Education Theory (IET) in the educational administrative process is relatively new as compared to other theories pertaining to leadership. Invitational Leadership has a different dimension from the standard theories of leadership that emphasized the process of influencing others through the use of power to an alternative leadership style that promotes collaboration and show consideration and respect for individuals in the educational system. This study comprises of two parts. Firstly, we would see the theoretical introduction of the Invitational Leadership, followed a brief comparison of the theory with other leadership theories possessing more or less the same characteristics and finally, in what ways the Invitational Leadership is more suitable to the educational community. Secondly, we would focus on what the invitational style provides in response to the demands of the school sector. Besides, we would see to what extent the invitational leadership is applied to my profession through examples drawn from my past experiences. ————————————————- 1. Theoretical part Invitational Theory Purkey (1992, p.5) defines Invitational Leadership asa theory which â€Å"is a collection of assumptions that seek to explain phenomena and provide a means of intentionally summoning people to realise their relatively boundless potential in all areas of worthwhile human endeavour† Invitational Theory is a mode of professional practice that summons the environment and all relationships formed in educational and human service organizations. It is a process for communicating caring and appropriate message intended to invite forth the realisation of human potential. It is also a way for identifying and changing those institutional and relational forces that defeat and destroy potential. Communication is vital for all social relationships or integration. Schools, as a social institution, send out complex message systems that continuously inform people of their worth, ability, and power to direct themselves. The concept of â€Å"invitation† derives from the effort provided by those who seek to communicate ideas. This involves shaping, moulding and changing. The word invite is a derivation of the Latin word invite. It probably began as vito, which means to avoid or shun. In early Roman society, vito was used to express fear of encroachment by other tribes, and to forbid their entry into Rome. As Rome became a dominant force, its citizens felt more secure and opened their borders to the world. In time, the prefix in- meaning â€Å"without† or â€Å"not,† was added, and the word invite, meaning â€Å"to receive politely,† became common and developed into invite. So by definition, an invitation is a purposive and generous act by which the invit er seeks to enroll others in the vision set forth in the invitation. From this we derive the term Invitational Leadership (Purkey & Siegel, 2002, p212). From an invitational viewpoint, individuals possess the characteristics of being able, valuable and responsible. As such, they are to be treated accordingly. Conversely, we observe a transformation from the appellations used: from â€Å"motivate,† â€Å"shape,† â€Å"reinforce,† â€Å"make,† â€Å"enhance,† â€Å"build,† and â€Å"empower† people to that of â€Å"offer,† â€Å"propose,† â€Å"present,† â€Å"encourage,† â€Å"consider,† and â€Å"summon cordially.† Similarly, in the school context, the invitational leader is the one who summons associates to higher levels of functioning and presents them with the opportunity to participate in the construction of something of mutual benefit. Ultimately, we find that this â€Å"something† is a procedure to create a better environment and a way to eliminate inequalities. Invitational Leadership offer a new perspective, an involvement for positive social change. It acknowledges our potential, our integrity, our interdependence and our responsibility to do good. Moreover, a central element in many definitions of leadership is that there is a process of influence. Leithwood et al (1999, p.6) say that â€Å"influence †¦ seems to be a necessary part of most conceptions of leadership.† Yulk (2002, p.) explains this influence process: â€Å"Most definitions of leadership reflect the assumption that it involves a social influence process whereby intentional influence is exerted by one person [or group] over other people [or groups] to structure the activities and relationships in a group or organisation.† Yulk’s use of ‘person’ or ‘group’ indicates that leadership may be exercised by individuals as well as teams. Additionally, this opinion is shared by Harris (2002) and Leithwood (2001) who both advocate distributed leadership as an alternative to traditional top-down leadership models. Invitational leadership as a model of influence It can be agreed that leadership involves influence and that it may be exercised by anyone in an organisation. In addition, Cuban (1988,p.193) points out to leadership as an influence process. â€Å"Leadership then refers to people who bend the motivations and actions of others to achieving certain goals; it implies taking initiatives and risks.† This opinion demonstrates that the process of influence is focused as it is intended to lead to specific outcomes. Furthermore, this notion is reinforced by Fidler (1997, p.25) : â€Å"followers are influenced towards goal achievement.† Eventually, a similar concept is used by Stoll and Fink (1996), that of ‘invitational’ leadership explaining how leaders function in schools. â€Å"Leadership is about communicating invitational messages to individuals and groups with whom leaders interact in order to build and act on a shared and evolving vision of enhanced educational experiences for pupils.† (p.109) At this point, I agree to what Stoll and Fink (1996) said; the role of the leader, in the school, is to work together with his collaborators towards making the institution an inclusive school which provides a good education to all pupils, irrespective of their varying abilities. Further to this, communication should be at the base of all decision making to arrive at a consensus between the different stakeholders. As it is stated in the School Management Manual, the Rector should â€Å"run the school in close collaboration with the Deputy Rector.† The Rector or the Deputy Rector, should be open to new ideas put forward by staff or pupils. The internal communication (morning assembly, form period, meeting with students’ representatives, teaching staff, head of Department etc.) of the school should be an open platform where leaders create a conviviality atmosphere among each individuals, therefore, inviting others to get engaged in the progression of the school. As we have compared the close relationship of Invitational Leadership as being a model of influence, equally, the Invitational Leadership Theory reflects a transformational dimension. Transformational Leadership enhanced the motivation, morale and performance of follower’s through a variety of mechanisms. These comprise connecting the follower’s sense of identity and self to the mission and the collective identity of the organization; being a role model for followers that inspires them; challenging followers to take greater ownership for their work, and understanding the strength and weaknesses of followers, so the leader can align them with tasks that optimize their performance. Similarly, the invitational leader invites the followers by communicating to them the mission and goal of the organisation and by accepting the individual personality. As the leader himself is a role model in displaying invitational qualities, he reinforces these qualities among his/her followers. Becoming an Invitational Leader necessitates that a leader become more consciously aware of his or her self and, by so doing, takes responsibility of how he or she defines that self. If we distinguish ourselves to be lacking in some fundamental leadership quality, then assuredly we will fail to influence others to join our cause. Furthermore, the invitational leadership enclose these servant types of values : excellence, caring, justice, and faith. Review of current literature supports the need for a change in leadership in order to adequately meet the needs of current educational institutions. Becoming an invitational leader â€Å"How can I gain the cooperation of those in my environment so that effectiveness and productivity increase and that our group function more smoothly and effectively?† The only way is by inviting, showing trust, understanding and respect (Purkey, Siegel, 2002). Intimidation and coercion, commonly used approaches, are not effective and eventually will prove to be counter-productive. They believe that there is only one motivation inside humans and that is an internal drive and desire to realise one’s own potential. In short we all want to be more, to self-actualise and to put our talents to good use by committing to something beyond ourselves. This can only be achieved by volunteered and not by pressure. Hence, I can affirm the more leaders are viewed as caring, respectful and supportive, the greater their chances of emancipating the talents and energies of their associates. Those in authority must first begin by making others feel valued if they hope to gain respect and cooperation in return. The first stage toward effective leadership is a wise, rooted sense of self. This means a commitment to find one’s own core values. The authors, Purkey & Siegel (2002) put forward that one cannot empower others without first empowering oneself. These two scholars present various ideas for cultivating all aspects of life from physical and psychological to the spiritual and intellectual. Furthermore, the leader has to present a vision of what a successful organization looks like, to set the proper environment in order to move people to embrace the organisation’s vision and to take on the individual and collective responsibility for the successes and failures of the organization. This would result in a group of self-actualizing individuals, each committed to the purpose and to one another in a supporting environment. Likewise, the school’s atmosphere should be conducive enough so as to inspire people connected to the school to be committed among themselves. Like indicated initially, the leader, that is the Rector or headmaster of the school, is the one to establish the point of contact between the administration, teaching and non-teaching staff and the students, to create avenues that the personnel would follow. Consequently, the opportunity given to each individual would unleash the potential that reside in them. Similarly, each one would adopt an invitational approach as they are constantly exposed to it in their everyday situation at school. The ability to challenge the people you lead to perform high quality will only continue over time if the leader has developed his invitational side as well. As stipulated in the School Management Manual of the Ministry of Education, Culture & Human Resources, the Rector, as the leader â€Å"builds and accompanies his teams, providing them with the required support and motivation, listening to their views and their problems and valuing their effort, support and contribution.† Walter Bennis, one of our more dynamic thinkers on leadership, has defined a leader is one who is guided by an â€Å"exciting and specific dream and who enrols others in his or her vision.† (Purkey, Siegel; 2002) thus, by providing support and motivation, school’s leaders enroll others by summoning them cordially to realise their potential. Furthermore, support for the importance of values was provided by Stoll and Fink (1996) in their study of leadership in education. They affirmed that successful leaders rely upon a strong set of values to guide their decision-making. We can contrast the decision-making process to the Participative Leadership which is defined by Leithwood et al. (2002) as a leadership style which â€Å"assumes that the decision-making processes of the group ought to be central focus for leaders† (p.12). Invitational Education Theory (IET) As stated by the author of Fundamentals of Invitational Education, the focus of Invitational Leadership in education is on the message transmitted by people, places, policies, programs, and processes (Purkey, 2008, p.7). Invitational education is based on three fundamental ideas Purkey, W.W., & Novak, J.M. (1996).: the democratic ethos, the perceptual tradition, and self-concept theory. The democratic ethos put emphasize on â€Å"deliberate dialogue and mutual respect as people work together to construct the character, practices and institutions that promote a fulfilling shared life.†(p.9) In this democratic style of leadership, it implies that whoever is concerned or affected by decisions should have a say in those decisions. The perceptual tradition states that events are always seen through the individual and cultural filters people use. Thus an important aspect of the inviting approach is to understand and validate the meaningfulness of people’s perceptions and to w ork with these perceptions to construct shared purposes.(p.10) Self-concept is the image people construct of who they are and how they fit in the world. â€Å"This system of personal beliefs is maintained, protected and by the choices the individual makes.† (p.10). Invitational education is a mode of functioning by which people are cordially, creatively and consistently summoned to realise their potential. As mentioned earlier, its focus is on the messages transmitted. However, the messages that are exchanged are never on neutral basis as they carry positive or negative, inviting or disinviting connotation. There are four fundamental values, what we call principles, which give Invitational Leaders direction and purpose. Together, these four principles form a basic set of guiding beliefs. These are respect, trust, optimism, and intentionality. Therefore the four principles take the form of propositions that offer a perspective for addressing, evaluation and modifying the total school environment. Purkey, W. W.& Novak, J. M.; (2008) testify that this standpoint allows Rectors or educators to assume an â€Å"inviting stance,† which is a focused frame-work for sustained action. Respect People are valuable, able, and responsible and should be treated accordingly. Respect is an important aspect in Invitational Leadership. It provides a new vision based on the process of summoning people cordially to move in more democratic, creative, and productive directions through non-coercive means. A democratic society emphasizes the inherent worth of all people, believes in their self-directing power, and stressed the importance of personal and social accountability. Invitational schools do the same. Purkey, W. W.& Novak, J. M. (2008) stipulates that responsibilities that are shared based on mutual respect and expectations of positive outcomes results in a cooperative relationship that recognizes each â€Å"person’s ability to accept, reject, negotiate, or hold in abeyance the messages sent to them.† (p.12) Respect is demonstrated in courteous behaviours as civility, politeness and common courtesy. Waterman and Peters (1988), in their book In Search of Excellence, reported that a special characteristic of highly successful companies is the courteous and respectful behaviours of their employees. They are â€Å"good listeners, pay attention to their customers, are courteous and treat people as adults. Respect is one of eight major characteristics that distinguish excellent companies.† Summing up, respect is important in Invitational Leadership because it is the quality that enables leaders to be a beneficial presence that has the ability to take a respectful stance toward colleagues – literally inviting others into a mutually beneficial relationship. Trust Education is a cooperative, collaborative activity. Invitational education is based on the fundamental interdependence of human beings. To establish trustworthy pattern, time and effort are necessary. Trustworthy patterns of interaction depend on people who demonstrate the following quality: reliability, genuineness, truthfulness, intent and competence. Intention The process is the product of making. A decision to purposely act in a certain way, to achieve and carry out a set of goals (Day et.al, 2001, p.34). Is defined as knowing what we intend to bring about as well as how we intend it to happen gives clarity and direction to our work (Stillion and Siegel, 2OO5, p15). Optimism People possess untapped potential in all areas of humans endeavour. Invitational educators are committed to the continuous appreciation and growth of all involved in the educative process (Day et. al, 2001, p. 34). ————————————————- 2. Invitational Leadership in practice in the educational community The focus of this study is to examine the invitational leadership style to verify if it provides the necessary skills needed in today’s educational organisations. In response to the increased need for excellent management and guidance, many leadership models have been planned and implemented to meet the demanding needs of the educational sector. Following this emptiness in the educational community, the invitational leadership was introduced in 2002 by Purkey and Siegel. Stillion and Siegel (2005) summed up the idea behind this new leadership style, â€Å"Purkey †¦ having studied human behaviour for four decades, proposed that leaders must take an invitational stance in dealing with others and in developing themselves† (p.4) According to Purkey and Novak (1996), IET is a model of practice: it adopts a systematic approach in the educational development and it provides policies and strategies for making schools more inviting. Major challenges that the school staff usually face on daily basis are issues pertaining to the students’ welfare such as indiscipline, From my observation at school, lack of guidance and clarified direction has served as a tremendous reduction of energy, time, effort and resource. It would prove difficult to delegate authority to individuals or self-managed groups when â€Å"followers do not trust each other, because they will not share information or cooperate in trying to solve mutual problems† (Yulk, 2002,p.109). The lack of invitational characteristics in a leader would slow the effective pace of work. An effective leader will work to bring about positive and long lasting change, when change is necessary within organisation. By doing so, he would invite staff into collaboration, will work carefully to bring about change in a way that the school’s member will not only be involved but would be pleased with the eventual outcome of the change. Schein (2000) disc ussed, â€Å"change programs fail because they do not take into consideration the underlying culture.† In order for an organisation to survive, it is imperative that strong and healthy relationships are formed. Likewise, these carefully formed relationships can help to formulate a culture of acceptance and desire to achieve excellence. Schein (1996) defined culture as the â€Å"set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, think about, and react to its various environments† (p.236). At the school, the Rector is a vital component in creating the culture. However, the administrators’ role in understanding that culture is equally important. This creates a sense of ownership and a shared leadership. Respect and trust thus serve as a primary component of an organisation’s healthy culture. To illustrate this idea, it is important that the Rector, educators and administrators understand what takes place within the school. Invitational Leadership argued that leader cannot create a climate of empowerment and participation if the underlying belief of culture is that everyone must do whatever the boss says they should do. I firmly agree that leadership through coercion and fear is not effective when attempting to create a productive team. Additionally, as stipulated by Purkey & Siegel (2002), messages communicate to people which inform them that they are able, responsible and worthwhile. These messages should be made accessible to every person in the school, conveying the intention of the leaders, so making everyone part of the institution. These messages are corresponded though â€Å"inter-personal action, but also through institutional policies, programmes, practices and physical environments† (Day et al., 2001, p.34). Furthermore, Purkey and Siegel (2003) postulate a specific framework by which schools can become â€Å"invitational† by concentrating on the five areas contributing to success and failures. Each one of these elements contributes to the creation of a positive school climate and ultimately a healthy and successful organisation. The Starfish Analogy by Purkey Invitational leadership focusses on five areas which contribute to the success or failure of individuals. Purkey refers to it as the Starfish Analogy: The starfish lives to eat oysters. To defend itself, the oyster has two stout shells that fasten tightly together and held in place by a powerful muscle. The starfish finds the oyster and places itself on top of its intended victim. Gradually, gently, and firmly the starfish uses each of its five points in turn to keep pressure on the oyster’s one muscle. While one point works, the other four rest. The single oyster muscle, while incredibly powerful, gets no rest. Inevitably, and irresistibly, the oyster is opened and the starfish has its meal. By constant, steady pressure from a number of points, even the strongest muscle (and the biggest challenge) can be overcome. These five areas â€Å"exist in practically every environment† and serve as a means to invite others professionally (Purkey, 1992, p.7) 1. People – Purkey (1992) affirmed that â€Å"nothing is more important in life than people. It is the people who create a respectful, optimistic5 visibility. 2. Places – refers to physical environment of an organisation. It has been suggested that places are the easiest of the five areas to change due to their visibility. 3. Policies- â€Å"policies refer to the procedures, codes, rules, written or unwritten, used to regulate the on-going functions of individuals and organizations† (Purkey, 1992,p.7) 4. Programs – play an important role in invitational leadership â€Å"because programs often focus on narrow objectives that neglect the wider scope of human needs’ (Purkey, 1002, p.7) 5. Processes – The â€Å"how something is accomplished† (Purkey & Siegel, 2003, p.125). It can be defined as the way that people, places, policies and programs are evident in schools. Purkey and Siegel (2003) refer to these five areas as a means to invite others professionally. They affirmed that â€Å"the combination of these five areas offers an almost limitless number of opportunities for the Invitational Leader, for they address the total culture †¦ of almost any organisation† (p.104) Conclusion This study was to investigate in what ways and to what degree, if any, an invitational leader impacts the overall effectiveness of the school setting. We focused in the first part on leadership qualities and characteristics which lead to success. We arrived at a common consensus that invitational leadership characteristics do influence the development of successful organizations. The invitational leadership model seeks to invite all interested stakeholders to succeed. As noted by Day, Harris, and Hadfield (2001) invitations are â€Å"messages communicated to people which inform then that they are able, responsible and worthwhile† (p.34) To conclude, it is believed that the invitational leadership model should serve as a practice to emulate in order to achieve positive results in effective leadership in schools. The active use of invitational leadership was proven to be a leadership model that should be considered effective when trying to create a healthy, positive and successful organization. ————————————————- References 1. Asbill, K. (1994). Invitational leadership: Teacher perceptions of inviting principal practices. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, School of Educational Management, New Mexico State University. 2. Day, C., Harris, A., & Hadfield, M. (2001). Grounding Knowledge of Schools in Stakeholder Realities: A Multi-Perspective Study of Effective School Leaders. School Leadership & Management, 21(1), 19-42. 3. Peters, Tom J. & Waterman, Robert H. (1988), In Search of Excellence – Lessons from America’s Best-Run Companies, HarperCollins Publishers, London. 4. Purkey, W. W & Siegel, B.L (2002). Becoming an Invitational Leader. Atlanta, USA. Brumby Holdings, Inc. 5. Purkey, W. W.& Novak, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of Invitational Education. Kennesaw, Georgia: International Alliance for Invitational Education. 6. Purkey, W. W., & Novak, J. M. (1996). Inviting school success: A self-concept approach to teaching, learning, and democratic practice (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. 7. Purkey, W., & Schmidt, J. (1990). Invitational learning for counseling and development. Ann Arbor, MI: ERIC Counseling and Personnel Services Clearinghouse. 8. School Leadership: Concepts and Evidence; Full Report/Spring 2003. National College for School Leadership: http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/5119/2/dok217-eng-chool_Leadership_Concepts_and_Evidence.pdf 9. Schein, E. H. (1996). Culture: The missing concept in organization studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 229-240. 10. Schein, E. H. (2000). Sense and nonsense about culture and climate. In N. M. Ashkanasy, C. P. M. Wilderom, & M. F. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Culture & Climate (pp. xxiii-xxx). Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage Publications 11. Stanley, P.H. A Bibliography For Invitational Theory and Practice. RadfordUniversity; http://www.invitationaleducation.net/journal/v11p52.htm 12. Stillion, J., & Siegel, B. (November, 2005). Expanding Invitational Leadership: Roles for the Decathlon Leader. Retrieved January 31, 2006, from http://www.kennesaw.edu/ilec/Journal/articles/2005/siegel_stillion/expand_leadership/exp†¦ 13. Wren, J. T. (1995). The leaders’ companion: Insights on leadership through the ages. New York: The Free Press. 14. Yukl, G. A. (2002) Leadership in Organizations, Fifth Edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice-Hall.