Learning Styles & Personality Types

Teamwork: Balancing Learning Styles and Personality Types R. Haynes GEN200 October 7, 2010 Abstract Three different learning styles and personality types were assessed to identify a strategy for the three to collaborate and communicate effectively in a team-setting. The use of the Myers-Briggs personality type indicator and Howard Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences determined the different personality types and learning styles to study. Every personality type and learning style offers skills and abilities beneficial to teamwork.Students and employees benefit from knowing their personality type and learning style. It allows them to determine how they will best contribute to a team. Teamwork: Balancing Learning Styles and Personality Types Even though undefined, knowing one's learning style and personality type allows one to determine their skills and abilities to excel. The Myers-Briggs personality type indicator and Howard Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligen ces was used to assess different personality types and learning styles.These assessments are used by schools as well as employers; the results of these assessments bring self-awareness allowing one to determine how one works individually and what one has to offer to a team. Teamwork is a part of everyday life; whether one is a student or an employee. As a student to know one’s learning style or personality type helps one discover the best way to study and retain information. It also allows one to assess how well one can contribute to and collaborate in a group project.As an employee, one works with a team daily therefore knowing the way one learns or one’s personality type allows them to â€Å"pinpoint your own strengths and weaknesses and let your teammates know where you can excel† (Wee ; Morse, 2007, para. 8), which makes delegating tasks and roles easier. In either setting, one can play up their strengths, build weaknesses, and focus their career to their sk ills and abilities. One’s learning style is â€Å"your mind’s particular way of taking in and processing information† (Carter, Bishop, ; Kravits, 2007, p. 38).Verbal-linguistic, interpersonal, and visual-spatial are just three of many learning styles one may fall into. A verbal-linguistic learner uses language to learn and can listen, memorize, and speak well. An interpersonal learner relates to others and considers the perspective of others. They learn best in group discussions or group activities. A visual-spatial learner is capable of perceiving and creating images. They use charts, diagrams, or graphs to learn effectively. For these three learners to work effectively together consider developing study groups in which each learner teaches the information to the group.In the study group include graphs or PowerPoint presentations for visual-spatial learners, group discussion for interpersonal learners, and outlines of the presentation for verbal-linguistic lear ners. Including different techniques will help each learner to perfect strengths and build weaknesses. An individual’s personality characteristics identify how one learns, thinks, reacts to others, and retains information. The three personality types that were assed were an Organizer, Adventurer, and a Giver. An Organizer is responsible, disciplined, and loyal.They work well in structured environments. An Adventurer is courageous, flexible, open-minded, and hands-on. A Giver is adaptable, honest, has open communication with others, and promotes potential in others. For these three personality types to collaborate together, the Organizer should create a schedule of tasks. The Giver and Organizer should request feedback to ensure all tasks are being met and each group member is equally participating. They should develop a game or use music to help memorize material or to present material for the Giver and Adventurer.All three personality types would enjoy working in a group wit h open communication. In a group, they can present new ideas to each other and establish those that work best to achieve their goal. In conclusion, although undefined, knowing one's learning style and personality type allows one to determine their skills and abilities to excel for two main reasons. First, one will be aware of what areas are their strongest and weakest. Most important, one will be aware of how one works individually and what one has to offer to a team.Personality types were assessed using the Myers-Briggs personality indicator and learning styles were assessed using Howard Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences, which is used by schools as well as employers. These assessments prepare one for collaborating and communicating in a team either at school or in a work environment.References Carter, C. , Bishop, J. , & Kravits, S. (2007). Keys to College Studying: Become An Active Thinker (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company. Wee, J. , & Morse, O. (2007, Aug). Juggling People-Secrets for Successful Teams. Cost Engineering, 49(8), 38.

Genre Conventions of Punk

The task I have been set is to firstly, produce a CD front and back cover for the band/artist I have chosen, this part is called pre-production. Then I have to produce a magazine double page spread, advertising my band/artist, this part is Production. Then lastly I will need to produce a report where I will be evaluating my production, and also comparing it to real ones and commenting on the weakness and strengths mine has. The Genre I have chosen is punk rock/pop punk, It is not clear when the term pop punk was first used, but pop-influenced punk rock had been around since the 1970s, performed by bands such as the Ramones, Buzzcocks, The Jam, The Clash, The Undertones, and Descendents. Bad Religion, who started in 1980, was another early band to play the genre, and some consider them godfathers of pop punk. In the mid-1990s, Southern California-based pop punk bands achieved worldwide commercial success, and the genre's association with that area has led some to the term social sound. As pop punk at that time was not commercially viable, no major record label would sign a pop punk band until Green Day's breakthrough in 1994. Both these factors contributed to the emergence of a few independent record labels. Some of the most famous were, Lookout! Records which was formed by Larry Livermore of the band the Lookouts, Fat Wreck Chords formed by Fat Mike of NOFX, and Epitaph Records formed by Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion, but technically Lookout! and Epitaph were formed in the late 80's but becoming increasingly popular in the 90's. Pop punk had various degrees of commercial success since the late 1970s, however it has had a massive international commercial success in the 1990s and 2000's, with hit bands such as Fall out boy, Hellogoodbye, New found glory, Sum 41 and Blink 182. Genre conventions included in a typical punk rock band was instrumentation includes one or two electric guitars, an electric bass, and a drum kit, along with vocals. Vocals sometimes sound nasal and lyrics are often shouted instead of sung in a conventional sense, particularly in hardcore styles. Punk rock lyrics are typically frank and confrontational; compared to the lyrics of other popular music genres, they frequently comment on social and political issues. Trend-setting songs such as The Clash's â€Å"Career Opportunities† and Chelsea's â€Å"Right to Work† deal with unemployment and the grim realities of urban life. Especially in early British punk, a central goal was to outrage and shock the mainstream. The conventions of punk pop are similar to those of punk rock as the music has emerged from that genre. The punk bands dress code is very dressed down and more casual wear. Over time, tattoos, piercings, and metal-studded and -spiked accessories became increasingly common elements of punk fashion among both musicians and fans. The typical male punk haircut was originally short and choppy; the Mohawk later emerged as a characteristic style. Baggy jeans, bright t-shirts and cuffs/sweat bands were also part of their rebellious look. Punk bands normally have a lot of tattoos, either sleeves running up their arm or stars on their body. Album covers for Punk bands are usually bright and eye catching, with iconic art work on the front, e. g. Blink 182. They tend to then have a picture of the band on the back cover to show authenticity, and also get an image across to the audience, a track list is also included and the record label the band is with. The target audience for my band will be young males ranging from 13-25 years of age, but there would also be a smaller target audience for teenage girls. The target audience would have a rebellious dress sense with piercings and enjoy going to gigs of their favourite bands. They will not be too intelligent as the writing in magazines such as Kerrang is not for heavy reading and includes a lot of slang and abbreviations, and this is the type of magazine my target audience would buy. With the ratio of pictures to text in these magazines and the mode of address it suggests that they do not require a high reading age, if they did they would alienate most readers. The research I have found out will influence my designs for pre-production and production as I have found out many aspects that are included in magazines and CD covers, some that need to be included such as bar code, record label, band name, album title etc, and others to help sell it like how I will represent the punk culture in my pictures, colours, and writing style I use. There are also many techniques that are used to attract the audience's attention which will need to be used. The layout of my CD is one that most bands use with a picture on the front along with band name and album title, and then on the back the track list and another picture, of the band. I also placed parental advisory sticker in the bottom corner, this is because it needs to have the label on it to warn people, it is in the corner as it is not the main focus point of the CD, and this was also the case for the album name as the main selling points are the picture and band name. From looking at my two page spread and existing magazine articles, such as Q, Uncut and Kerrang, I can see the strengths and weaknesses in my work. The visual codes involved in my article include the use of columns as in most magazines, with the format of a big picture of the band at the top to show the reader who is being interviewed, and a large heading to grasp the reader's attention. There is also an opening paragraph to the article and one to end it, firstly to explain about the band and then to give an over view of the interview. I have also included a little fact file so it's not all heavy reading, this technique is used in many magazines such as Kerrang. The mode of address is informal and casual using colloquial language, â€Å"They rip up the stage like a tornado. † I done this because the readers of my magazine won't be ones of great intelligence; also using more slang flatters the reader and makes them feel better as they know what you're talking about and people who aren't in to that music won't. I have included in the writing a few names of other more famous bands and music names such as kerrang, this is called name dropping, which again flatters the reader as they know who you're on about while others might not, an example of this would be, â€Å"I'm excited to hang out with Rise Against. † I also noticed in other magazines they have the name of the photographer below or on top of the pictures so I have used this on my pictures. The background of the pages is a guitar and amp; I used this so the white background wouldn't be to plain. The pictures used are one of the band together showing unity, all wearing similar clothing of baggy jeans which has a connotation of being related to skaters and the punk scene, they are all wearing skater shoes which also is related to the punk scene and the hair styles are all messed to perfection to give the rebellious look punk rockers go for. The fact they dress down in the pictures show they care more about the music than their look which many punk bands go for, showing their authenticity. The picture has been edited to give a psychedelic look to the picture as punk bands are also related to the drug scene. The camera angle on both pictures is a low one to show the band's dominance and status. The other picture I used is one, of the bass player on stage with amps in the background, this picture is in black and white making the main image of the bass player stand out to the dull background. I used this picture as the interview is with the bass player and I have noticed in other magazines that they have a single picture of the person they are interviewing to show their importance. If I had to re-do this task I would change a number of things, firstly I would like to include more pictures of the band with a more themed approach to it as they do in most music magazines. Another problem I found was the writing lacked interest in the way it was set out in a Q&A style; I would change this so the answers to the questions are worked in to the writing which would give it more of a flow while reading. Also I find my fact file is not as exciting, or looks as good as one in a real magazine. So to improve this I think I would look at more techniques in other magazines to see what else I could place there instead. Another problem I found was it doesn't look as professional as it should do, the layout of it seems too structured and not like in a magazine for this category and the colours I feel don't suit the style of the band as I would like them too. It also seems colourless and plain which may put the reader off, but too much colour is also off putting being too â€Å"in your face†. I have also realised I would need a spine on my CD cover if I wanted it to be a proper CD cover in a case.

An Analysis Of A Doll s House Essay -- A Dolls House, Henrik Ibsen

A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen, has created huge controversy since its creation in 1879. In fact, in order for Ibsen’s play to be shown in some theatres, he was required to rewrite an alternative ending, which he called â€Å"a barbaric outrage.† The three-act play is about an everyday housewife and mother of three children, Nora Helmer. In order to save her husband’s life, she forges her dying father’s signature and takes out a loan from Nils Krogstad. She spares any money Torvald gives her and secretly writes documents for money to pay back the loan in small portions. When her husband is promoted to manager at the bank, his first task is to terminate Krogstad. Krogstad threatens to tell Torvald about the crime Nora has committed unless she is able to persuade her husband to keep Krogstad. When Nora fails to preserve his job, Krogstad places Nora’s doom in the mailbox. Out of rage, Torvald demands his wife to leave but reads another letter from Krogstad saying he had a change of heart and would not reveal her crime to the public. Torvald begs Nora to stay. Nora senses she has been a doll to her father and husband her entire life and needs to leave to gain her independence. During this time society would reject the thought of a mother ever leaving her family; after all, this is her greatest duty. The United States government collected data of divorces over a one hundred year span from 1867 to 1967 and found â€Å"a consistent increase for a period of 80 years, 1867-1946† (Plateris 9). They also discovered that the rates â€Å"indicate that in 1890, the first year with data by martial status, 3.0 couples per 1,000 were divorced† (Plateris 9). Since we know there is a constant increase, we can also conclud 385). This quote proves her foolishness when she blames Torvald and her father for her own sin. No one forced Nora to commit her crime; she made the fully conscious decision by herself. Overall, Nora is unjustifiable for leaving her children and husband in order to find herself. Some say this was the beginning of the feminist movement but it was not. â€Å"All female or no woman at all, Nora loses either way, qualifying neither as a heroine nor as a spokeswoman for feminism. Her famous exit embodies only ‘the latest and shallowest notion of emancipated womanhood, abandoning her family to go out into the world in search of ‘her true identity’ † (Templeton 117). Nora is without justification when she chose to leave. She could have found alternatives to handle this situation in a better way but instead she remains narrow-minded, sophomoric, thoughtless, and self-centered.

What Is Supply Chain Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What Is Supply Chain Management - Term Paper Example The make-buy decision: Today, Managers have to make a lot of decisions for the smooth running and cost efficiency in an organization. The make-buy decision is one of the decisions they have to deal with on a regular basis, especially in this time of cutthroat competition. The make-buy decision refers to the decision that a manager needs to make in terms of producing a certain part required for the final product in-house, or purchasing it from an external source, that is outsourcing. The main factors that play a role in making this decision are cost efficiency and the capability of production of the required material. Some of the reasons why organizations prefer to make their required products are Better cost efficiency, higher quality control, lack of competent suppliers for the product, a necessity to maintain confidentiality and guarantee of continuous supply of the said material. Sometimes, however, a manager might prefer to outsource the products due to reasons such as lack of ex pertise for the making of the product, inability to produce the required quantity, specific brand preference for better output, cost-effectiveness when it comes to purchasing the product, etc. Sourcing strategies and supply chain configurations While outsourcing products, the decision makers at organizations, must think of the various aspects that will affect the organization, not just in the manufacturing of the product, but also the image of the organization. An outsourcing strategy must be simple. It must take into account the various factors that have resulted in coming to the buying decision over the making decision. For instance, the strategy must involve a deep reflection on the cost factor. By comparing the technological differences between the various optional outsourcing countries, a decision can be reached as to which alternative can be picked to ensure the greatest cost efficiency. Thought and research must also be put into the marketing strategy of the company. That is, outsourcing the manufacturing of a product to a low-cost country may work wonders if the product is sold overseas but may completely backfire if it needs to be sold in the immediate vicinity of the manufacturing plant, for the simple reason that the costs will not match.  

Exploring corporate strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exploring corporate strategy - Essay Example This is true for all sectors of industry including the automobile industry. Bayerische Motoren Werke is an established name in the automobile industry and is not excluded from the both the challenges and the opportunities that the new world order has brought. The global automotive industry faces risks at the same time finds new opportunities. Plans to make use of these opportunities could become unstuck if the challenges of competition, supply chain management and the retail environment. The challenges do not just end there In addition they need to cope with new regulations, demands on cost reduction, managing capacity and inventory, and maintaining a control on healthcare and compensation costs.(Automotive). Looking at the opportunities that are available to the automobile industry, the economic development in the Asian region and in particular the more populated countries of China and India present an example of a definite one. The economic development and the large upwardly moving middle class present an opportunity that no automobile would want to miss. An added feature is that the local manufacturing of the region located in Japan and Korea that have offered stiff competition to the European car manufacturers are not expected to meet the growing demand in both quantity and quality from these expanding markets. (Michael, R. 2000. Automotive Industries). Another opportunity that may be considered by high end automobile manufacturers in existing markets is the customer willingness to spend money on automobiles that have trendy looks and powerful engines. (Kelly, K. 2005. The BUSINESS of PERFORMANCE). Globalisation has broken down the political barriers that were present in the past to expansion of markets. This has not diminished the requirement of maintaining the necessary political liaison in countries where the markets are attempted to be tapped or in expansions to manufacturing in existing markets. Location of manufacturing units of the

SOCIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

SOCIOLOGY - Essay Example A great deal of research work has shown that violence has deep and long lasting effects (Johnson, 2008). Psychologists admit the fact that children pass 13 hours in a week (boys) and 5 hours (girls) in playing video games. Dr. Anderson and his co-workers demonstrated that violent video games develop the feelings of hostility (Anderson et al, 2003). Theorist’s stress that people should wisely think and select what they want to watch on TV. Sociologists made research and found that whatever TV news broadcast or newspapers write is all based on their own thinking knowledge. TV news has influenced people in different ways .the news of terrorism, murder, thefts and crime makes people feel hostile and aggressive. Researchers found a relationship between the media and the conduct. The principal and the foremost effect is to copy what is being shown. Secondly, it makes people insensitive making them hard-hearted about rest of the world. Others say that violent news makes people dreadful about the problems and pains of others (Johnson, 2008). Conclusion: Psychologists unite about the effects of TV news while research in this are is quite difficult to measure. A psychologist mentioned is very difficult to prove the relationship between violent media and the conduct through specific methodology. Anderson, C.A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L.R., Johnson, J., Linz, D., Malamuth, N., & Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Vol. 4, pp.

Brand Loyalty Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Brand Loyalty - Case Study Example Various models have been conventionally put forward to elaborate the decision making process that an individual may employ for improving the quality of his/her decisions. Good decision making is to much an extent, an in-born quality, though the integrity of a decision can be evaluated against a potential model in order to enhance its quality. It is essentially a human activity (DQI, 2008). This paper aims at comparing the decision making processes described in the case study with the traditional problem solving approach to consumer decision making process. The traditional approach: Before analyzing the way in which traditional decision making process of consumers is conceived and interpreted, it is customary to discuss the traditional problem solving approach as the former gains influence from the latter. Traditional problem solving approach: â€Å"The Problem Solving process consists of a sequence of sections that fit together depending on the type of problem to be solved† (A non., n.d.). There are various stages in the problem solving process (ITS, 2005), that are explained below: 1. Identification of problem: In this step, the problem that an individual faces is identified. 2. ... 5. Evaluation of solution: If the problem goes away, the solution works. Else, the solution has to be reselected in the step 3 and steps 4 and 5 should follow until the problem is gone. Traditional decision making process: In the traditional decision making process, consumers are conceived as highly risk averse in nature and rational in their approach. This is the fundamental reason why conventional conceptions about consumer decision making recognize it as information processing or problem solving phenomenon. The traditional models of consumer decision making presents a very logical and rational process, where, the consumer formulates and works upon a logically constructed course of action in an attempt to satisfy the very need. Therefore, the traditional decision making process of consumers consists of five basic steps, namely, need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, product choice, and evaluation of decision (Spielberger, 2004, p. 486). There also exists an alternative model of consumer decision making in which, the cognitive, behavioral and affective responses occur in a hierarchical order. The sequence is commonly known as C-A-B sequence. It is noteworthy here that the steps of the traditional problem solving process greatly resemble those employed in the traditional decision making process. This is the key reason why it is said that traditionally, consumers adopt problem solving approach to make their decisions. Identification of problem is the recognition of need. Information search for making decision is similar to visualizing the problem in context of the background. Alternate decisions are

BOP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

BOP - Essay Example It is also one of the few multinationals that combines innovation with sustainability to create a long-term blueprint to facilitate growth in all its divisions. The company has been regularly cited as one of the most admired corporations in the world, as well as one of the best companies to work for. In spite of these positives, the future of Google is not certain because it is unclear what the company’s future plans are. This creates an uncertain situation for potential investors and partners who would like to have some degree of assurance before they put their money or time in the company. A STEEPLE analysis is the best tool to provide a comprehensive outlook of the company so that potential investors and partners have a good idea of what they face and how they can manage their objectives to get the most from their plans. The analysis also provides a way for the company to self-appraise itself to determine where it stands socially, economically, politically, ethically, techn ologically, environmentally and legally. Between 2004 and 2010, Google experienced steady and rapid growth as it embarked on an expansion campaign and improved its products and services. The company launched various innovative products, expanded its advertising platform, and targeted more young and middle-aged customers to drive its growth forward. Products such as Gmail and Google Chat increased the company’s popularity and appeal as an investment option. However, the period between 2010 and 2014 saw a slowdown in growth as the company stabilized its operations in foreign countries, especially in emerging markets. The company also launched more operations and used a significant amount of resources to make its expansion a success. From this outlook, it is clear why a STEEPLE analysis is ideal at this time. It will provide a detailed report on Google’s future and the dynamics that will shape that future. Political stability is a core component of

Unit 2 Assignment Exploring the 1960s Research Paper

Unit 2 Assignment Exploring the 1960s - Research Paper Example It ended with the disintegration of the Soviet Republic and dynamics of the world war being slightly modified by end of it (Gaddis, 2011). Though the cold war might well have ended two decades ago, yet the seeds sown back then are showing their impact in different forms. A prime example in this case can be the Mujahedeen that were nurtured by the Americans against the Soviet Socialists, became their own enemies; as a result America had to go to War in Afghanistan against them. Various other countries have turned rebellious due to the cold war and have made America insecure in many aspects. Other threats posed to the American nation as a whole include the bitter feeling that is left in the hearts of the then Soviet Socialists and present day Russia. They were humiliated at the end of it and their entire empire came down (Craig & Logevall, 2009). In terms of protection for the family, vigilance is the word; each member of the family should know their responsibilities. The threats faced immediately after cold war were the nuclear arsenal being possessed by the disintegrated soviet republic. That threat has vaporized to a large extent. While in public they should be cautious and should report and notice anything suspicious. Besides this the onus falls upon the government to protect the citizens from any kind of vulnerabilities that might exist in the surroundings (Tuttle, 1993). The cold war that lasted from 1950s to 1990s set up new paradigms for times ahead. What we see today is largely because of the cold war that established its roots deep into various countries political operations and foreign affairs. The end of cold war resulted in total submission and defeat of one of the power and left alone capitalist power United States to dictate terms in future. The then U.S.S.R has gone on back foot after being humbled at end of the war. The Berlin wall was another event which marked the end of cold war after the U.S.S.R

Media review Essay Example for Free

Media review Essay My practical production magazine Real is of the lifestyle genre, I looked at magazines like Now and Heat for inspiration for my magazine. With the lifestyle genre I am looking to put a mixture of real life stories and celebrity gossip in my magazine as these are the main connotations found in this genre. My target audience for my magazine is mainly aimed towards females aged 16-40 as this is a very popular target area and their basic interests and attraction to a magazine is easy to create. The magazine has fewer longer articles and more images and shorter texts as most of the people who read these magazines are on the move or dont have time to read through lots of articles and would prefer to flick through a magazine and still be able to pick up of the moment gossip or amazing true stories. My font cover is bright and bold to stand out to the reader. The name Real is used, as these are real stories and real gossip so the readers will have trust in the magazine to be truthful. The name is in black bold and is bigger than the other fonts on the page to make it seem more important. Also real the issue number, price, and website are drawn out from the rest of the magazine as they are in a pink text box outlined in black. I did this to draw attention to the name of the magazine and other vital information. My main story is about Jennifer Aniston and as the story is about Jennifer Aniston going through a hard time the image of Jennifer is of her looking quite sad and heartbroken to get sympathy of the reader. My headline for the main story is Jennifer Aniston Exclusive I put this because Jennifer Aniston is a huge star and people worldwide know about her so having her name on my magazine will attract people to read it. Also because Exclusive portrays that this is the only magazine that will have this information that again will invite readers to pick up the magazine. One of the other stories on my page is of a private interview with Paul Walker. This interview will interest readers as it is with a famous Hollywood actor and also because the interview is private it will attract people as it gives the impression the information will be more intimate and more private. My other two stories are of everyday people bringing in the more true life into the magazine. The stories are about people who have had difficulties with their relationships. I chose Gay boyfriend abandoned me when I was 8 months pregnant and My boyfriend cheated on me with my mum as these are stories that will shock readers and attract sympathy. The straight to the point shocking quotes I used will leave people wanting to read more. A lot of the audience I chose like to hear about tragedy and heartbreak which is why every story on my front page is upsetting and sad. The colours I chose for the front page are pink, red, white, black and blue as these are colours that stand out and make an impact on the magazine. I chose bright bold colours for my contents page to make the magazine seem more inviting. I used a black font in my columns of the contents page to make it clearer to read and easy to follow. The page numbers are in bold as this is vital information. The word contents is in red with a shadow effect to make it stand out, and the Real in its pink text box outlined in black is in the corner to remind readers of the magazine they are reading. I have a picture of Paris Hilton in the top right corner underneath the Real logo to show what is in the magazine; this image is suitable as it refers to an interview with Paris in the magazine. The points on the contents page are of different stories, gossip and competitions which attract the target audience I have chosen. My main article is about Paris Hilton a well known heiress who is often in the papers this will attract readers as Paris is getting into lots of trouble and people like to hear about her. I chose a stylish picture of Paris along with the heading Paris Hilton my secret confessions as this will make the reader want to find out more. Secret confessions sounds like shes only telling this magazine which will make the readers more interested in reading it. I chose some darker colours with white and black to make it more stylish, serious and simple as this was the atmosphere of the interview. I used questions in the interview that people would be interested in such as her career, love life, and enemies. At the end of the article I put the website for Real magazine so people will be encouraged to look up the website and find out more. There were few technical problems with my magazine. Sometimes it was difficult to arrange images or text in the right way, I spent a long time on my front page getting it to look right. Images were also an issue as many I found werent the right size or were filtered. It was difficult to find an image to go with the emotion or atmosphere of the interview/article. I was quite happy with my contents page and main article as I spent a long time on them and I thought they came out well. I wish that I had found better images foe my front page to make it look more professional and better laid out. My advert was easy and simple to do but it would have been nice to find images and text that go together better than the ones I used. I could have improved my practical production with more time and better resources and thats what I would do if I were to do it again, attempt more work on different computers, look at more magazines and spend more time on it. Overall I am happy with the work Ive done, I think I did quite well and am pleased with my production especially my main article and contents page.

Static Code Analysis

Static Code Analysis Jim Kielt Table of Contents (Jump to) 1.0 Analysis 1.1 Cross-Site Scripting: 239 vulnerabilities detected. 1.2 File Manipulation: 9 vulnerabilities detected. 1.3 SQL Injection: 4 vulnerabilities detected. 2.0 Bibliography Table of Figures Figure 1 RIPS results output for bWAPP Figure 2 Line of code from xss_json.php vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting detected by RIPS Figure 3 Returned message from xss_json.php Figure 4 Returned message from xss_json.php with a script being passed to the application. Figure 5 Returned message from secured xss_json.php with the script being passed to the application. Figure 6 Vulnerable to File Manipulation code detected by RIPS Figure 7 Link to uploaded file on unrestricted_file_upload.php showing path to uploads Figure 8 Attempted upload of a PDF file on unrestricted_file_upload.php Figure 9 Vulnerable to SQL Injection code detected by RIPS Figure 10 Message from SQL Injection on sqli_3.php 1.0 Analysis The open source project for analysis for source code vulnerabilities is The Buggy Web App or bWAPP. This application is deliberately insecure to help security experts and students of IT security learn about the vulnerabilities that exist on the Internet today, how they can be exploited and how they can then be secured. bWapp is a PHP application that makes use of a MySQL database. [1] To analyse the source code for vulnerabilities, a static source code analysis tool is required. RIPS is such a tool which is written in PHP and designed to find vulnerabilities in PHP applications. It transforms the PHP source code that it is analysing; into a programme model that can detect potentially vulnerable functions or sensitive sinks that could then be tainted by user input that causes vulnerabilities. [2] So a potentially vulnerable function in source code that uses a source containing user input creates a vulnerability. bWAPP is available as a virtual machine called buzz-box where it can run as a stand-alone web server on a lab/testing network. To analyse the buzz-box server, the RIPS application files need to be extracted to the buzz-box server’s document root i.e. /var/www/rips/. Then on the host machine’s browser, navigate to http://localhost/rips to bring up the main scanning page. The path to the file or directory and/or subdirectories to be scanned is entered along with some available options before the scan button is clicked. The available options for scanning are as follows: Verbosity level:1. User tainted 2. User, file and database tainted 3. User, file and database tainted secured 4. User, file and database untainted secured 5. Debug mode Vulnerability type: All or one of the following: Server-side all or one of the following: Code Execution, Command Injection, Header Injection, File Disclosure, File Inclusion, File Manipulation, LDAP Injection, SQL Injection, XPath Injection, and other. Client-side all or one of the following: Cross-Site Scripting and HTTP Response Splitting Unserialized / POP For the bWAPP analysys, /var/www/bWAPP was entered as the path with the subdirectories option checked. Verbosity level option 2 (User, file and database tainted) and vulnerability type option All was selected. After clicking the scan button, 198 files were scanned in the web directory and after just under a minute, the statistical output in figure 1 was generated. According to RIPS, the scanner works by tokenizing and parsing all of the PHP source code in the file or directory structure and tranforms the code into a program model which detects sensitive sinks that can be tainted by user input, the source throughout execution of the program. At a glimpse it can be seen that Cross-Site Scripting has been heavely detected along with some of the other top vulnerablilties found in web apps today. Of the 198 files scanned, 4251 sensitive sinks (vulnerable functions) were found of which 293 could be tainted by user input and therefore considered vulnerabilities. The three chosen vulnerabilites for futher analysis are as follows: 1.1 Cross-Site Scripting:239 vulnerabilities detected. Cross-site scripting (XSS) is an injection attack where malicious scripts can be passed through user input on to the web application to create undesired effects and generally performed through a client browser. An attacker can use his browser to use XSS to execute a malicious script to another browser user visiting the same page and have the script display unintended information or perform an unintended action. Because the user’s browser has no way to know if the script should be trusted or not, it has no option but to execture the script. The script or tainted data becomes embedded into the HTML output by the application and rendered by the users browser which can lead to website defacement, phishing or cookie stealing and session hijacking.[3] A potentially vulnerable function like echo() which prints data to the screen that uses a source like $_GET containing user input can create Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, e.g: $title = $_GET[title]; echo ($title]); The above code would display whatever the user enters and could therefore be exploited. To demonstrate the Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability in bWAPP, the focus is on the bWAPP/xss_json.php file/page. Figure 2 shows the code snipit where user input was found and marked by the scanner (white dots) as a potential entry point for exploitation. Line 34 of the program places unchecked user input straight into a function which causes the vulnerablility. Figure 2 Line of code from xss_json.php vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting detected by RIPS This page was opened in a browser and was titled ‘XSS-Reflected(JSON)’, displaying one textfield and a search button looking for the name of a movie to be entered. To test how this page works, ‘Spiderman’ was entered using the ‘Marvel’ hint ans submitted. The resulting message appeared below the textfield based on the input (see figure 3). Figure 3 Returned message from xss_json.php So the user input was displayed back in the output message which could mean that the input was probably unchecked. To test how the texfield responded to a simple script to display cookie information in an alert box, the following was entered and submitted: alert(document.cookie) The message this time did not display the entered script statement but instead tried to execute the script and displayed lines of the code from the page (see figure 4): Figure 4 Returned message from xss_json.php with a script being passed to the application. This message reveals information about the application that should never be dispayed and raises a security concern. A hacker could learn further how to exploit the application using this information. Mitigation: We should never trust user data entered into an aplication which needs to be screened for the likes of scripting code. All entered data should be encoded before being embedded into the output. HTML encoding converts untrusted user input into a safe format that can be used as output instead of executing as code in the browser e.g Converts ‘’ to ‘amp’. For PHP applications, HTML entity encoding is done via the htmlspecialchars() function which convert all special characters to HTML entities.[4] To encode any double or single quotation marks that could be interpreted by the application as code, the ENT_QUOTES parameter is used to prevent any injections and defining the correct charset prevents any special characters being used in the input e.g UTF-8 ASCII compatible multi-byte 8-bit Unicode. Line 34 shows the vulnerable code which was updated to incorporate the mitigation to make it secure. Vulnerable code: $title = $_GET[title]; Secure code: $title = htmlspecialchars ($_GET[title], ENT_QUOTES, utf-8); Once the code was secured, the same script code was entered and submitted and this time, the message showed the script statement in the message but this time treated it as a string and did not attempt to execute it (see figure 5): Figure 5 Returned message from secured xss_json.php with the script being passed to the application. 1.2 File Manipulation:9 vulnerabilities detected. File Manipulation can occur with Full Path Disclosure vulnerabilities where an attacker can see the path of a file in the url of a webapp, e.g. /var/www/htdocs/file. This gives the attacker a partial knowldege of how the application is structured or how the underlying operating system is arranged in order to mount different kinds of attacks. [5] Knowing the location of a particular file, the attacker could access and manipulate it by adding malicious code to compromise the webapp server or even upload an attack tool to that location. A potentially vulnerable function like move_uploaded_file() that uses a source like $_FILES directly from user input (upload) can create File Manipulation, e.g. move_uploaded_file($_FILES[file][tmp_name], images/ . $_FILES[file][name]); To demonstrate File Manipulation in bWAPP, the bWAPP/unrestricted_file_upload.php page was examined. Figure 6 shows the vulnerable code where unchecked user input (the selected file for upload) is used by the application. Figure 6 Vulnerable to File Manipulation code detected by RIPS When the page was opened in the broswer, a ‘Browse’ and ‘Upload’ button were displayed where an image file could be uploaded to the server. A test image file was uploaded and the resulting message returned the link to where the file is stored on the server. The link was followed to a directory called ‘images’in the bWAPP directory. Navigating to the images directory brought up a list of all files in the that directory (see figure 7). A PDF file was then selected and successfully uploaded so no file type check was in place. Effectively these files could be manipulated as described above or malicious files uploaded and executed like a webscript that take control of the server. Figure 7 Link to uploaded file on unrestricted_file_upload.php showing path to uploads Mitigation: Sensitive information like file locations should not be visable to the user and any path or file names displayed should be encoded to prevent leakage of this information. This could be achieved by changing the path and filename to a format that the server understands like a hashing function. The move_uploaded_file function should have the file checked that the files being uploaded are image files before being uploaded to the ‘images’ directory. Line 34 shows the vulnerable code which uploads any file to the ‘images’ directly without being firstly checked. The preg_match() function can be used to check for particular file extensions, in this case images file types, in a new $filename variable. [6] A file check statement was added to the vulnerable code that checks for the file type and will now only execute the original code as long as the file has the correct extension using an if statement. Line 166 uses the $file_error variable to determine if the upload is successful or not which determines the output, so $file_error is firslty set to an unsuccessful attempt message by default which is cleared if the correct file extension executes. Vulnerable code: move_uploaded_file($_FILES[file][tmp_name], images/ . $_FILES[file][name]); Secure code: $filename = $_FILES[file][name]; $file_error = Not an image file, try again; if(preg_match(/.(gif|png|jpg)$/, $filename)) { move_uploaded_file($_FILES[file][tmp_name], images/ . $_FILES[file][name]); $file_error = ; } Once the code was secure, another PDF file was browsed to and the ‘Upload’ button clicked and this time because the file is now firstly checked for file type and because pdf in not in the array of allowable files, the upload function does not execute (see figure 8): Figure 8 Attempted upload of a PDF file on unrestricted_file_upload.php 1.3 SQL Injection:4 vulnerabilities detected. SQL Injection attacks happen when SQL queries are successfully injected through user input data into the application that can reveal information about the database to allow for further attacks where the database can be modified by the insertion, updating and deletion of data. [7] The user input is crafted in such a way that it is interpreted by the application as SQL commands allowing the attacker contol over the database in even the operating system itself. A potentially vulnerable function like mysql_query() that uses a source like $_POST containing user input can create SQL Injection e.g $login = $_POST[login]; $password = $_POST[password]; $sql = SELECT * FROM heroes WHERE login = . $login . AND password = . $password . ; $recordset = mysql_query($sql, $link); To demonstrate the SQL Injection in bWAPP, the bWAPP/ sqli_3.php page was examined. Figure 9 shows the vulnerable code where unchecked user input is used by the application. Figure 9 Vulnerable to SQL Injection code detected by RIPS When this webpage is loaded, it shows a login screen for ‘superhero’ credentials requesting a login and password. A basic test for web applications for SQL Injection is the entering of the following command in place for the username and/or password: or 1=1 The single quote is interpreted by the web application as a special character in SQL which allows for the additional condition to the SQL command 1=1 which is of course always true and the double hyphen is intrepreted by the web application as a comment which closes off the query. When the or 1=1 statement is entered into the login and password fields, a welcome note is displayed (see figure 10): Figure 10 Message from SQL Injection on sqli_3.php This shows that this web page is vulnerable to SQL Injection attacks which uses unchecked user input directly by the application which could be exploited in compromising the server. Mitigation: The most successful defence against SQL injections is to never use user input directly in the application and to use parameterized queries (prepared statements) instead — which is supported by most languages — and to avoid using dynamic SQL queries or SQL queries with string concatenation. For PHP the mysql_real_escape_string() function can be used to escape special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement. Lines 137 and 137 of the code takes in the user inputs which are executed in the SQL statement in line 140 which is the vulnerable code really is. By implementing the mysql_real_escape_string() function into the code it will escape any special characters. [8] Vulnerable code: $sql = SELECT * FROM heroes WHERE login = . $login . AND password = . $password . ; Secure code: $sql = SELECT * FROM heroes WHERE login = . mysql_real_escape_string($login) . AND password = . mysql_real_escape_string($password) . ; Once the code was secured, the or 1=1 statement was entered again into the login and password fields and this time instead of getting the previous message as above, the invalid message displayed (see figure 11) Figure 11 Message after attempted SQL injection on secured sqli_3.php 2.0 Bibliography [1] itsecgames. 2015. itsecgames. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.itsecgames.com/. [Accessed 19 February 2015]. [2] RIPS free PHP security scanner using static code analysis. 2015. RIPS free PHP security scanner using static code analysis. [ONLINE] Available at: http://rips-scanner.sourceforge.net/. [Accessed 19 February 2015]. [3] Cross-site Scripting (XSS) OWASP. 2015. Cross-site Scripting (XSS) OWASP. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/XSS. [Accessed 19 February 2015]. [4] PHP: htmlspecialchars Manual . 2015. PHP: htmlspecialchars Manual . [ONLINE] Available at: http://php.net/manual/en/function.htmlspecialchars.php. [Accessed 25 February 2015]. [5] Full Path Disclosure OWASP. 2015. Full Path Disclosure OWASP. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Full_Path_Disclosure. [Accessed 02 March 2015]. [6] PHP: preg_match Manual . 2015. PHP: preg_match Manual . [ONLINE] Available at: http://php.net/manual/en/function.preg-match.php. [Accessed 25 February 2015]. [7] SQL Injection OWASP. 2015. SQL Injection OWASP. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/SQL_Injection. [Accessed 19 February 2015]. [8] PHP: mysql_real_escape_string Manual . 2015. PHP: mysql_real_escape_string Manual . [ONLINE] Available at: http://php.net/manual/en/function.mysql-real-escape-string.php. [Accessed 25 March 2015].

Race Stereotyping Leads to the False Accusation of Kabuo Miyamoto Essay

Race Stereotyping Leads to the False Accusation of Kabuo Miyamoto David Guterson based his novel, Snow Falling On Cedars, during a racially charged time of history. This book takes place during the time period of 1940 to 1955. The setting of this novel is a small town, Amity Harbor, on the island of San Piedro. This is a small island, and Amity is the largest town on the entire island. This island is home to Japanese strawberry farmers and one-man gillnetting boats. This novel is based around the murder trial of Carl Heine Jr. The accused man is Kabuo Miyamoto, a Japanese gill-netter as well as a World War II veteran. By non-fiction facts, from historical documents, and fiction facts from the novel itself, Kabuo Miyamoto was accused solely because of his race. On December 7, 1941, aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. About half the United States fleet was at Pearl Harbor at the time. More than 2,400 American servicemen and civilians were killed. Another 1,200 were wounded. Eight battleships of the Pacific Fleet were damaged or sunk, though the fleet's aircraft carriers were at sea. Hundreds of aircraft were destroyed. The same day, or shortly thereafter, the Japanese launched attacks against Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and Guam and Wake Island. Because of the swift advances of the Japanese military, many Americans concluded that an invasion, either of Hawaii or the West Coast, was inevitable. (Leitich 1) In February 1942, Lieutenant General John DeWitt, the commanding general of the Western Defense Command, which included California, Oregon and Washington, urged the evacuation of all Japanese American citi... ...anese decent then they are the ones that fought against and killed American soldiers during World War II. Many of the American’s of Japanese decent fought and died for the same country, the same cause, and the same humanity that the American soldiers did, but this was never looked at, never taken into consideration, and never respected. Works Cited Guterson, David. Snow Falling On Cedars. New York: Vintage Books, 1995. Internment Camps. Ed. 04/15/2001. . Japanese Internment. Ed. Lamb, Judith. St. Francis Xavier School. 04/5/2001. . Leitich, Greg H. Japanese American Legal History: Internment/Relocation. 04/17/2001. 04/5/2001 .

Mountain Biking Essay -- Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays

Mountain Biking I have come to love bicycles in the course of the past year. I am especially fond of mountain bikes, including my own. Riding it opens up a whole new world of opportunities and challenges for me. I am still fairly fresh to the whole mountain biking scene, so I push myself to become better with more experience. Riding is an outlet; it is something I can channel pent up energy through. I love the sport because it is a full body, soul, and mind experience that affects all five of the senses. I see the bike. I notice its worn, but once clean and pristine frame that beckons me to ride. Its sharp, bright colors are like a simple painting, only on aluminum, not canvas. Its aggressive look tells me that I can ride with authority and do what I want on the bike. It inspires more confidence in my head than I will actually have on the trail. I walk over touch the bike. I place my hands on the handlebars and feel the soft and sticky texture of the grips. I push down on the handlebars a few times to remember the plush shock in front that is like a little angel o...

Woman Warrior :: essays research papers

In the book The Woman Warrior, by Maxine Kingston, a story of a girl trapped between the culture of her family’s past and the culture currently surrounding her is presented. The girl, Maxine, enters into conflict with her mother and what can be explained as an old and traditional China. Maxine’s own beliefs are found in the newer American way of life with her attempts to assimilate to the culture, making it difficult for her to feel any relation between the two very different environments. It is through these tribulations that Maxine is a â€Å"woman warrior† coming to age as a Chinese-American.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maxine, being of the first generation of her family to be born in America, only knows about China from what she hears in her mother’s â€Å"talk-stories.† These stories are told to act as lessons on how the Chinese people were and should be, and are often vary critical. In â€Å"No Name Woman,† the tale of Maxine’s aunt who was shunned from her family for having an affair shows how careful young women must be when growing up in Chinese culture. â€Å"My aunt haunts me—her ghost drawn to me because now, after fifty years of neglect, I alone devoted pages to her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (17). Maxine feels remorse and can relate to her aunt because she too feels a sense of alienation from her traditional Chinese and seemingly narrow-minded heritage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the start of â€Å"At the Western Palace,† an encounter between Brave Orchid, Maxine’s mother, and Moon Orchid, her other aunt, shows Maxine how far removed from Chinese culture she really is. The daily routines, clothing, foods, and the style of eating all seem normal to Maxine, but are a real culture shock for recently arrived Moon Orchid. The false assumptions about American life that her mother helped plague her mind with, begin to die. America represents the new life and change, which Maxine and eventually her family long to be a part of. â€Å"Oh, Sister, I am so happy here. No one ever leaves. We are all women here.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though struggles about her mother’s talk-stories, and her experiences in America with her family, Maxine works toward knowing what it is to be a Chinese-American.

Police Professionalism Essay

Professionalism refers to the skill, competence or standards expected of a member of a profession. It involves the adoption of a set of values and attitudes by members of an occupation that are consistent with a professional ideology. Professionalization is a process of legitimization an occupation goes through as it endeavors to improve its social status.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The various characteristics of a profession include the following (Roberg and Kuykendall, 1993). A well developed body of professional literature materials. A high degree of generalized and systematic knowledge with a theoretical base. This is achieved through research. A high degree of self control of behavior governed by a code of ethics. The code of ethics is a statement of values ensures a high quality of serving. It   Ã‚  also guarantees competency of membership, honor and integrity. The code is a direct expression of the profession’s principles of service orientation. It emphasizes no personal gain and protection of the client. Membership in professional organizations and associations. Dedication to self-improvement. Existence of a unique, identifiable academic field of knowledge attainable through education. There is a system of testing the competence of members.   Police professionalism has been a focal point in the past for police reformers. The ambiguity of the role of the police has however seriously hampered efforts to professionalize the police because deciding on the proper role of the police is a necessary step to outlining steps towards professionalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police professionalism can mean different things in different places and at different times making agreement on the requirement for a professional police force unlikely. Police professionalism may refer to police organizations as police officers, or both. Some police administrators refer to tangible improvements such as latest technology like computers and weaponry, as signs of professionalism. However this is not true in reference to the characteristics of professionalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Currently the police are struggling to meet the requirements of a profession. Clearly there is a growing body of professional literature on the police. Some Journals like police studies and America journal of the police contain reports of police research. There are also penodicals and a rapid expanding number of government reports on police that contribute more information on police operations and organizations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A code of ethics for the police has been developed and modified by the International Association of heads of police. Although some police may be unfamiliar with its contents, indications show that many officers know the code exists. However the code of conduct offers little control over the police. This is because there is no professional standards committee that reviews and sanctions police for the violation of their own code. (Gaines, kappeler & Vaughn, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are a number of professional policed associations especially for chief executive officers. Organizations like Fraternal Order of the police are oriented toward rank-and-file officers as well but they have typically served as organizations and collective bargain agents. In recent years there has been expansion of professional organizations among police planners, investigators and others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On dedication to self-improvement, currently there are no national minimum standards for either departments or police personnel. Many states do not even allow training on a constant basis after completion of the basic training program. However among the progressive police personnel, there is an increased interest in establishing high police officer standards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A study in police has lately emerged. Many college-level academic programs in policing and criminal justice have emerged. Regardless of the quality of the programs and consensus on the topics covered in these programs, there is increasing number of officers earning undergraduate and graduate degrees in police science, law enforcement, and criminal justice programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless of these achievements however, attainment of police professionalism remains an elusive goal. Dedication to the attainment of professional standards exists among some police executives and totally lacks among many others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many officers resist this pursuit of professionalism on the basis that their jobs are blue collar shift works that involve little need for advanced education. This reduces dedication to self-improvement. In addition unionization of police officers sometimes inhibits progress toward professionalism. Therefore there cannot be a universal number that will accurately reflect the police personnel needs of all jurisdictions. There are various ways of determining the appropriate number of police personnel for a given jurisdiction (Roseberg & Kuykendall, 1993). These include; Intuitively. Comparatively. By workload. The intuitive approach involves little more than an educated guess and is often based on tradition (personnel numbers from previous years). The approach is based on the number of crimes cleared or total number of arrests. These means, many administrators may demand more police officers be hired as crime rates increase. However it is noted that differences in crime rates should not be attributed to variations in the number of police. The research conducted by Bayley, 1994 found out that increases in the number of police closely parallel increase in crime rates. People tend to hire more police when crime rates increase, but this has no effect on the rate of crime increase. Comparative approach involves comparing one or more urban centers like cities using the ratio of police officers per one thousand population units. If the comparison city has a higher ratio of police to population, it is assumed that an increase in personnel is justified to at least the level of the comparison city (Roseberg & Kuykendall, 1993). The exclusive use of this method to compute police personnel needs is not recommended. Communities have unique characteristics concerning areas covered, crime rates, economic strength, mile of roads and others. These have an impact on the quantity of personnel required to fulfill service requests.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Workload requires a clear information system, expressed performance standards, well-elaborated community expectations and prioritization of police activities (Roberg & Kuykendall, 1993). The workload analysis of patrol usually involves various steps which include documenting total patrol workload occurring. Determining the time taken to handle the workload, translating the data into number of patrol officers required, determining the number of patrol officers needed on different days and times and how best to assign patrol officers to various areas (Cordner & Sheehan, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The computation of patrol workload is complicated by the issue of uncommitted crime. Sometimes measurement of police demand services can be based on â€Å"work generating† variable like citizen calls for police service and others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the workload analysis has been shown to be methodologically sound, few jurisdictions use this form. Administrators cite the cost, complexity of the formula and extensive data collection as the limitations that hinder using the workload formula. References Bayley, D. (1994). Police for the future. USA: Oxford University Press. Cordner, G. & Sheehan, R. (1999). Police Administration. USA: Anderson Pub. Co. Gaines, L., Kappeles, V. & Vaughn, J. (1999). Policing in America. USA: Anderson Pub. Co. Roberg, R., Kuykendall, L. (1993). Police and Society. USA: Wadsworth Pub. Co.

Windows vs. Linux Pros and Cons

Unix VS. Windows Security Windows: Pros: File permissions (UAC) User account controls Antivirus to assist in the stopping of malware Supports many businesses related software’s and is used worldwide Cons: Infected account File permissions are vulnerable Antivirus is constantly required as well as updated definitions databases Most viruses target the windows OS because it is the most widespread OS on the planet. Viruses can be rewritten and hide themselves from antiviruses. Web application vulnerabilities Stability and Reliability, it has been proven that data loss has occurred mostly in windows based operating system environments rather than opposed to UNIX / LINUX based environments. Unix / Linux: Pros: Stability and Reliability are very HIGHLY rated for this OS File access permissions Linux = open source and can be altered to your liking All service daemons can be started and stopped via a terminal / bash shell scripting. Security tools are usually free and easy to download / update and maintain. Viruses and worms are less likely to be coded / formatted for the Unix OS due to the fact it makes for a more challenging environment to hack, and it is not as widespread as windows is so why waste time attempting to hack less than 5% of the earth’s population of people when you could simply code a virus for windows which is used more. Cons: Web application vulnerabilities Can have several compatibility issues for running certain software Large Learning curve if learned at an older age Ease of use can be a pain considering everything is performed from a shell.

The Woman in Black

Susan Hill creates a sense of isolation since the beginning of the novel, when Arthur is at Monk’s Piece. The name of Arthur’s new house (Monk’s Piece), suggest that it is a calm place, but it also could suggest that it is isolated, because in the Middle Ages monks used to meditate alone in isolated places. Isolation is also presented in the other house in the book, which is Eel Marsh House. The only way to access to Eel Marsh House was by crossing a place called ‘Nine Lives Causeway’, which is the only path next to the house.Arthur describes Eel Marsh House as ‘submerged’ and ‘untraceable’, this implies that it is almost impossible to escape from Eel Marsh House. It is submerged because the causeway is under the water and it is untraceable because the marshes last forever. The name of the causeway also creates a sense of isolation, it is called Nine Lives Causeway, and this suggests that you must have nine lives to cross it (or to be very lucky and brave). Isolation is also there when Keckwick leaves Arthur alone in Eel Marsh House.He says that he feels â€Å"alone, outside that gaunt, empty house†. This tells us that Arthur is alone in the house, without protection and he ‘predicts’ that he will see the Woman in Black soon. Another time where we feel isolation is when Arthur is alone at the house and he is so scared that he starts to pray. I think that he prays because he is looking for protection and somebody to talk in God. Mrs Drablow also creates a sense of isolation, especially when Arthur asks for information to Mr Bentley.He says that she lived for a long time in the house with nobody. She didn’t have any friends and she is also described as a â€Å"rum’un†, which means that a person is misbehaving (maybe, this is why Mrs Drablow didn’t have friends. In my opinion, isolation is mostly presented when Arthur is alone at Eel Marsh house, and it is a lso important, because it makes the story ‘more gothic’ and some characters, like Spider (the dog) or Keckwick wouldn’t appear in the story and they make the story more interesting. The Woman in Black Susan Hill creates a sense of isolation since the beginning of the novel, when Arthur is at Monk’s Piece. The name of Arthur’s new house (Monk’s Piece), suggest that it is a calm place, but it also could suggest that it is isolated, because in the Middle Ages monks used to meditate alone in isolated places. Isolation is also presented in the other house in the book, which is Eel Marsh House. The only way to access to Eel Marsh House was by crossing a place called ‘Nine Lives Causeway’, which is the only path next to the house.Arthur describes Eel Marsh House as ‘submerged’ and ‘untraceable’, this implies that it is almost impossible to escape from Eel Marsh House. It is submerged because the causeway is under the water and it is untraceable because the marshes last forever. The name of the causeway also creates a sense of isolation, it is called Nine Lives Causeway, and this suggests that you must have nine lives to cross it (or to be very lucky and brave). Isolation is also there when Keckwick leaves Arthur alone in Eel Marsh House.He says that he feels â€Å"alone, outside that gaunt, empty house†. This tells us that Arthur is alone in the house, without protection and he ‘predicts’ that he will see the Woman in Black soon. Another time where we feel isolation is when Arthur is alone at the house and he is so scared that he starts to pray. I think that he prays because he is looking for protection and somebody to talk in God. Mrs Drablow also creates a sense of isolation, especially when Arthur asks for information to Mr Bentley.He says that she lived for a long time in the house with nobody. She didn’t have any friends and she is also described as a â€Å"rum’un†, which means that a person is misbehaving (maybe, this is why Mrs Drablow didn’t have friends. In my opinion, isolation is mostly presented when Arthur is alone at Eel Marsh house, and it is a lso important, because it makes the story ‘more gothic’ and some characters, like Spider (the dog) or Keckwick wouldn’t appear in the story and they make the story more interesting.

Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale Essay

I think that it is important to understand where you are in your nursing practice. After completing the Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale, I realize that I still have a lot more experience to gain as a nurse. I believe that nurses must be life-long learners to stay current in the ever-changing field of healthcare. I have only been a nurse for two years. Before beginning the test, I thought that with my few years of experience, I would be a novice nurse. However, I am a competent nurse. According to Arnold and Boggs (2011) the competent nurse â€Å"views the clinical picture from a broader perspective and is more confident about his or her role in health care† (p. 127). I have been organized and able to manage my time successfully. I feel that I can consciously make decisions without direct supervision. I can assess the patient and look at all the variables before proceeding with care. I can think more long term now than I did in the beginning. I feel that in order to improve my communication skills in the healthcare setting, I have to continue to think more long-term. I need to stop being so task-oriented and start looking at the patient as a whole. Instead of doing something just because it’s ordered, I need to be diligent and make sure it is appropriate for my patient’s specific condition. I realize how important it is to be able to communicate with the physicians. We are with the patients much more than they are, and we are their eyes and ears. I feel that it is also vital to have good communication with the patients and their families. They depend on us to be honest in all that we do. When the patient trusts us, they will be more open with us. My facility does bedside shift report. I think this is important because it gives the oncoming nurse the chance to understand what the patient is going to need for the next 12 hours. It also gives the patient the opportunity to become involved in their care. As nurses, we are always communicating so it is  important to make sure that we do it correctly and efficiently. References Arnold, E., & Boggs, K. U. (2011). Interpersonal Relationships: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Boundary-Less Career Concept and Implications for the Career Essay

Boundary-Less Career Concept and Implications for the Career Development - Essay Example As a business student, researcher feels that the world of business offers me exciting opportunities. What he really means by the boundary-less career regimes lies in the fact that business is on the upward move. It is always growing and expanding and not being stagnant at any point in time. For the author to look up to the future and visualize himself standing with the top management gurus, he feels pride in stating that he can relate to what they do, work and feel like. The author can relate to their respective concepts of career development and the manner in which they have taken an upward growth path. He believes that he can always contribute in a better manner towards the society if he works in a business organization because this is something that comes from within – it is naturally inclined to the researcher to act, think and feel business-mindedly. The implications that stand in the way of the author’s career development include his understanding related with the niche segments of the business and comprehension which he can attain in the wake of finding out more and more as to what exactly is happening in the local terrains and on the global front. The boundaryless career concept of business offers the researcher a range of options to start with. He could look at the retailing side of the business where channel members could mean significance for his trade. The author could look at the middle management regimes and thus present himself in line with the changing market dynamics. The researcher can offer his services in the client relationship side which offers him to interact with all sorts of customers and clients and thus open his sense of understanding with different people almost on a daily basis. The author could opt for the sales management areas and thus expand my sales vision as well as the manner under which he could get to know what is happening at the wholesalers’ ends and as to how the different chain levels interact with each other whilst setting their own standards along the line.

Market Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Market Research - Essay Example For any new business to know about the market to be ventured into, it is necessary to conduct primary and secondary researches so as to collect qualitative and quantitative data to use in guiding its operations. It is advisable for a new entrant into the market to carry out a marketing research. This can be of great benefit to them. First, it will provide them with all the necessary information about the customers and whatever expectations they have about the new product. Besides, it can enable the investor to acquire much information about the market situations. Meaning, they will know about the available supplementary and complementary commodities, their prices, supply and demand. This will make it easier for the business to ascertain the level of competition existing in the market. By conducting a well organized and coordinated marketing research, the business will reap a lot of benefits from it such as knowing about the necessary steps to segment the available market based on the clients’ geographical, social, political, cultural, demographic, gender and age factors. This will be instrumental in knowing how to effectively utilize the available market without leaving any chance. Once the market is properly segmented, it will be easier to come up with strategies on how to satisfy each of their dynamic demands on the business’ products. The other important contribution of a market research to a business is that it can enable the management to conduct a SWOT analysis so as to be privy with the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Indeed, these are very important areas which should be adequately looked into before making the right decision on how to conquer the market. By ascertaining its threats, the organization will have to come up with creative and innovative strategies like sales promotion, quality improvement and implementing favorable pricing policies. These can put the business in a

OPEC not complying under the WTO Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

OPEC not complying under the WTO - Term Paper Example According to documents of the organization, the most important aim of the OPEC is to create the co-ordination of diverse petroleum policies as well as unification and diversification of different petroleum policies along with the member countries and also to set the determination of the most ideal means for preserving their interests, both individually as well as collectively.2 Also these policies and strategies have been established by the organization to create the need for securing a steady stream of income for these oil-producing countries.3 This steady level of income is also expected to produce an efficient economic as well as regulatory supply of oil and petroleum to consuming nations all over the world and a fair return of profit on their capital accumulation to those countries which are investing in petroleum industries of these nations.4In addition to this, OPEC has also suggested to ensure the aim of stabilization of prices of oil in global as well as nationwide oil market s. OPEC assumed a ‘Declaratory Statement of Petroleum Policy in Member Countries’ where it established â€Å"the inalienable right of all countries to exercise permanent sovereignty over their natural resources in the interest of their national development. Membership grew to ten by 1969†5 This policy has been established by the organization with a view regarding elimination of harmful as well as unnecessary fluctuations.6 Currently, OPEC’s membership is consisted of the eleven countries which are: â€Å"Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Algeria and Nigeria†.7 The first five nations are regarded as Founder Members, and the rest are recognized as Full Members (which have joined the OPEC between the time period of 1961 and 1971). In the year 1992, OPEC comprised thirteen nations as constituents. These included both Ecuador as well as Gabon.8 Pursuant to Statute of the OPEC, nations can be come Full Members under the condition that these nations have a substantial amount of net exports of crude oil or petroleum and also possess alike interests to the member nations. For the purpose of obtaining membership of the organization, a country needs to be accepted by a majority number of 3/4 of the Full Members which include the agreement of all the five Founder Members.9 Under the â€Å"Uruguay Round Agreements†10, it has been suggested by the WTO that members are not allowed to impose export quotas on oil. Hence, while OPEC is an organization based on single product, WTO is a multilateral unit with a larger membership.11 Along with this, the OPEC’s policies in regard to price manipulation have been regarded as one of several most important factors in regard the strategy of establishing high gas prices in last few years. The amounts of this high gas prices are now comprised of average near about $2.20 per gallon.12 United States Senator Frank. R. Lautenberg in an official meeting commented that, â€Å"If you are part of a monopoly like OPEC you cannot belong to the World Trade Organization, which offers all kinds of commercial benefits.†13 On 8th July 2004 a report with the title ‘Busting Up the Cartel: The WTO Case Against OPEC’ was published from the office of the senator Frank Lautenberg in which

To Build or Buy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

To Build or Buy - Essay Example With the growing advent of advanced technological aspect within the present day organizations and increased level of competitors herein, it has become essential for every organization to take effective decision. Execution of inappropriate decisions in recent business scenario will create hurdle for the small business firms in case of sustainability. Strategic decision making is considered to be a process in which vital decisions are made through implementation of management tools available to analyze the problems. These problems can result from decisions that involve adequate risk and uncertainty. It is assumed that a decision taken strategically can overcome hurdles that may arise during the process of analysis, examining of methods for structuring and while forming the model decision dilemma (Williams, 2001). The paper intends to provide a vivid description about the feasibility of building up a new business or buying an established one. It also provides an in depth insight about v arious business concepts require for small business sustainability in the global competitive market scenario. Discussion 1. A Brief Strategy for a Business Concept That Would Directly Compete With the Small Business The implementation of strategic management, while framing vital decision in any business has become an important aspect for any commercial association. The vital reason behind the implementation of strategic management in one business is that, it not only helps a business in taking effective decision but also assist to mitigate the rising issues of growing competitiveness. Bookstore in America is measured as an essential part of an individuals’ life. However, with the advent of technological aspect in the academic sector has changed the interest of the civilians in the United States of America (USA). Bookstores usually act as an intermediate amid the people and the writer or publisher of a book. Considering the Bookstore sector business, establishment of the cafe cum bookstore will provide an accelerated growth and profit related to the small business set up. The advents of technology in one’s life have changed the way in, which the people used to complete their task decades ago. Therefore adapting the technological aspect can help in creating a business that would flourish and provide tough competitions to other book stores located in the market (Woodward, 2005). In this context, the proposed business would be a book store along with a coffee shop. Furthermore, it has been viewed that in present day, people get very limited time for relaxation as a part of their recreational activity, because of the accelerated competition, job-pressure and adaptation of busy routine. It has been observed that individuals’ like to spend their spare time in a cafe’ shop or watching movies with their friends and families as the part of the recreational activities. Therefore, establishment of a cafe cum book store would attract more indivi duals, who have moved out of their house for gaining knowledge or is employed as personnel. In this aspect the business would mainly target the aforementioned group of individuals’. They can come in the book store to gain knowledge along with some short of refreshments. Additionally it would also provide them opportunities to make few friends in the locality. Furthermore, the business would be technologically advanced. For instance the business would provide a Wi-Fi facility that would allow customers to access the internet

Adapting leadership styles while organising commanies overseas Essay

Adapting leadership styles while organising commanies overseas - Essay Example (Koontz 1986:162). A managing director thus has an all-encompassing task of ensuring functionality of the organization through streamlined working of groups. The managing director must understand that while good people can make any organizational pattern work, it is essential that they know each other's role to work most effectively. (Koontz 1986:161). This essential aspect needs careful consideration when an organization is being established, in an alien environment particularly in relation to the style of leadership adopted by the managing director.There are numerous classifications of styles of leaderships given out by management thought leaders. When based on use of authority and decision-making these have been indicated as autocratic or that denoted by command authority of the leader with a benevolent authoritative being its softer version. Democratic, which has, participative and supportive as its sub types entails consulting subordinates and encouraging their participation in decisions. While a free rein style restricts a leaders role to that of aiding operations of followers. (Koontz 1986 : 400). Another study includes styles as charismatic, servant and quiet which are self-explanatory and in one form or the other follow the pattern denoted by Koontz. (Changing minds.org)

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 9

Research paper - Essay Example The advent of video and the internet has made the porn business boom and generate billions of dollars in revenue (Boyle 8). The writer chose this particular subject to find out if the criticisms against pornography are valid. In addition, he wanted to discover if there are positive effects of watching pornography. The writer reviewed various scholarly peer-reviewed articles on pornography and its results to understand why the business has grown to such a size despite serious criticisms against it. Another objective was to increase the writers knowledge on the subject of pornography. This would enable him to make a personal, unbiased conclusion on the subject; whether the benefits outweigh the costs and vice versa. The pornography industry churns out over 13000 videos and generates revenue in the range of 10 billion and 14 billion dollars. The Free Speech Coalition is credited for the increased presence of pornography. Adult content has entered the society to such an extent that it has become unavoidable (Mikkola 316-320). It is a fact that pornography is a multi-billion dollar industry, just like weapons businesses and drug trafficking. Despite its huge profitability, most of the actresses are girls and women captured in war, kidnapped, sold by their parents, driven by poverty, violence and incest. They landed into the control of pimps, landlords, advertisers and law enforcers. These actresses are not well paid and the profits go to their "employers." Pornography categories have increased dramatically. Consumers, therefore, have a wide array to choose from and many end up liking a particular category more than the others. The main problem in figuring this point out is that there are very few actresses and producers who come out into the open to discuss how much on average a pornstar is paid (Fraterrigo 1262). It is claimed that pornography denies men the opportunity of being intimate in

Research critique part 1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research critique part 1 - Term Paper Example Several factors were assessed including alcohol, tobacco and obesity. There has been a rising occurrence of chronic illnesses across the globe. Even if there has been a decline in preventable deaths arising from respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, the occurrence of chronic illnesses linked with ageing and deteriorating risk factors for chronic illnesses. Smoking is the only risk factor that has been on the decline in the recent past. There was an increase in obese individuals from 19 percent to 25 percent between 1995 and 2005 (Harris and Lloyd, 2008). There was minimal change in levels of physical activity. The feeding habits have worsened over the years as individuals consumed fewer vegetables. This problem discussed in the paper is important as it affects most people in the population. The main aim of the paper was to look into the role of nursing in preventing the occurrence of chronic illnesses. It mainly focusses on the lifestyle that individuals have been leading that contributes to the increase in prevalence of chronic illnesses (Harris and Lloyd, 2008). Several remedies were proposed to deal with this problem such as establishing a system for referral services, evaluating the needs of the less fortunate members of society, health risk evaluation and alternatives to support interventions. In the course of the four years there have been changes in the role of primary care that have facilitated unity among community and health professionals’ interests. The paper addresses various research questions. First, what is the proof of effective nursing intervention to dealing with behavioral risk aspects? Second, how can the evidence for prevention of chronic illnesses be changed into practice? Finally, what inequities are present and the evidence for effective nursing interventions to deal with them? It is clear that the research problem and the purpose were related (Harris and

Topic Assignment-Psychology Essay Example for Free

Topic Assignment-Psychology Essay Assignment Topic: Intellectual Disability State: An IQ test is used for several reasons, even to determine if an individual ha intellectual disability. Intellectual disability (also known as mental retardation), is a condition in which a persons behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier development stage, developmentally delayed. Elaborate: In other words, there are individuals that are taking longer to develop. They are developmentally delayed, meaning that their behavioral and cognitive skills exit at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same hronological age. Without all the technical terms, basically these individuals have a harder time to develop and get involve in things any other individual would do, because they depend on someone else and most of the time they cannot live independently. To determine who has intellectual disability they must have an IQ lower than 70, adaptive behavior skills are low, and limitations presented by age 10. Exemplify: For example, when we were all in high school there were a few students who had their specials needs. They received the same opportunities as us, but also ould have their own special class to help them out with their disabilities. Most of the individuals had a staff with them at all times because they were not able to do things on their own. Illustrate: part 2: Partner 1 Name: I learned from about Ideal Self. Ideal Self is basically when someone is influenced by someone else and they try to become them. His example was perfect on how children see an athlete and they want to become Just like them because of how good they are, according to the child. I mentioned to about a different example on how I saw it. Children like superheroes when they are young and IVe seen this frequently when a child wants to become Spiderman, Batman, etc Partner 2 Name: I learned from about the Latency stage. He explains to me that this stage is when children dont pay attention to opposite sex. Once he said that I thought about when I was young we used to say boys had cooties and girls had cooties. In the end that is what meant. His example made me laugh but it is true, when they are young they dont getting touched by the opposite sex. Topic Assignment-Psychology By eli_shorty

Slavery in Colonial Times Essay Example for Free

Slavery in Colonial Times Essay The colonization of North America was fronted by European explorers who discovered the existence of territories in the west. Prior to the colonization of North America, tribes who inhabited the region were in command over their lands and their people. The invasion of European colonizers has eventually brought about radical changes, mainly due to irresolvable conflicts, to the North American tribes’ way of life. Although slavery was notably practiced by European colonizers, native tribes also observed it. Slavery has become one important aspect of the people’s existence as the practice of slavery and servitude was sustained and adapted from the European culture. Slavery and slave trade was significantly practiced during the colonial period and has served a purpose for those who implemented it. In some instances, slaves were traded in order to put an end to the deteriorating population of North American tribes whose members were victimized by the war and also by illnesses brought about by ailments and infections without any known cure. This practice of slavery serves a communal and political purpose as it aims to bring back social order in a tribe. For economic purposes, acquired slaves, most especially those of African descent, were marketed to other slave traders. Moreover, captives were used to work and serve for people in higher classes of society. For others, slave trade was practices in order to fulfill debts or other neglected responsibilities. The concept of slavery being observed during the colonial times is not a big surprise to almost everyone who is aware of the present conditions of society. We have been hearing terminologies such as racism and discrimination, and as far as I know, this present societal problem originated from slavery. Slavery is inhuman and should be abhorred by everyone. I believe that ethnocentrism, or the belief of the superiority of one’s culture, is the main reason for slavery and slave trade during the colonial times. European colonizers made ethnic tribes and groups as slaves due to ethnocentrism. Since then, our society has been facing problems regarding social order and global peace.

Career and family priorities of college students

Career and family priorities of college students This study was designed to observe the career and family priorities of college students. It was studied to determine whether men and women differ in feelings towards career and family. It was hypothesized that there would be an inverse relationship between career values and the importance of family life between men and women furthermore; female students would value the family life role, whereas male would prefer the occupational life role. It was tested with the help of Life Role Salience Scale (Amatea, Cross, Clark, Bobby, 1986). Thirty female and thirty male college students rated the scale. Statistical analysis demonstrated that women valued family more than career and men valued career more than family. INTRODUCTION: Everyday decision can be related to the essence of human. In todays society, individuals are trying to do it all-to find life satisfaction through a combination of multiple roles (e.g., career, marriage, parenting, homecare). Super (1990) theorized that ones life career is made up of many different roles occupied over the life span, including the roles of career person, home and family person, community member, student, and leisurite. However, if they are not spending their time in ways that are congruent with their values, they are unlikely to find the happiness they seek. Greehaus and Beutell (1985) theorized that the more important a role is to an individual, the more time and energy that person will invest in it, which will allow less time and energy for other roles. Super discussed participation, commitment and value expectations in relation to life roles. Participation is the amount of time spent in a role, whereas commitment and values expectations reflect the importance of th e role to the individual, and the degree to which the individual can meet their needs through that role (Super Neville, 1986). Satisfaction in life is related to role congruence, which is the amount of congruence between the level of participation in each life role and the level of commitment to and valuing of that role. For example, if an individual highly values and is highly committed to the family role, but only participates in this role 5% of the time, that individual will be less satisfied with life than an individual with greater congruence between valuing/commitment and participation. Research has demonstrated that inconsistency between role participation and role commitment may cause increased psychological distress and decreased marital quality (Voydanoff Donnelly, 1999).Graduating senior women on the Berkeley campus overwhelmingly reported that they expected to be married, to have children and to have a career. Nearly nine-tenths are planning to earn graduate degrees in law, medicine, science, or business, and half expect to earn as much if not more, than their future husbands. Simultaneously, they hope to raise two or three children each and to interrupt their careers for extended amounts of time, (Six months to twelve years) in order to care for their children. Some researchers say that women place family before career and like to spend large amount of time at home, especially when their children are young. And women with children earn significantly less than either men or women without children. College women and men are quite similar in one respect they both want partners or spouses and they both want children. Ninety percent of the women and men in one of the research say that women hope to marry and have children. But one asks these students how they plan to combine their careers, marriages, and children, striking differences appear. They wanted their husbands to work continuously. It would be strange, said one, echoing the sentiments of man y, if I was at work and he was at home. But many of the men were tentative about their future wives employment. Several men stated they wanted there wives to stay home after she had children. Clearly, both women and men see the husbands job as essential to the economic well-being and survival of their future families and the wifes job as optional-a luxury they can choose to add on or take off at will. Most of the students come from fairly traditional homes-their mothers were responsible for cooking, doing the dishes, and cleaning the house while their fathers made money and fixed things around the house. Students say that mother took care of the kids and the house while father went out to work and earn money. Extensive research indicates that college men and women endorse both achievements goals such as career development and marital goals. Many researchers have found that college men and women are increasingly similar in their goals and value orientations. Scant information is avai lable about how women and men with similarly strong and equal motivations toward the achievement of goals and the maintenance of affiliative relationships will prioritize, make decisions, and interact when achievement demands and personal relationships conflict. Students reveal ignorance of the career hazards of interruptions in employment, and lack of awareness of the family sacrifices and stresses attendant to career commitment (Catalyst, 1987; Phillips Johnston, 1985; Zuckerman, 1980). As men and women in college today think about their future and plan for work and family, they are exposed to a variety of mixed messages relating to gender. Gender socialization continues to influence young peoples identities and stereotypes from the past frame choices (e.g., Angrist Almquist, 1975; Komarovsky, 1985; Machung, 1989) for students as they move into a society which, at least theoretically, permits equality of opportunities regardless of gender. Yet, participation of women in the work force has increased significantly and attitude surveys indicate that we are much more accepting of women taking active roles in our society (e.g. Mason Lu, 1988). Nevertheless, women still face considerable occupational segregation (Blau Ferber, 1985). Research suggests that women continue to oversee management of home, children and social activities of the family, while men help with household tasks (Hochschild et al., 1989) since discrimination results in women earning less money for eq ual time at work, men can justify their non-involvement in household chores because they must provide for the family. Thus, despite many changes, todays college students have grown up in traditional families where women have had to assume the majority of household tasks, whether they worked outside of the home or not. Consequently, many traditional gender expectations are maintained by the structural inequality in our society. According to Eccles, womens career choices will differ from mens because they place more value on family and relationships. Machungs (1989) interviews with 30 graduating Berkeley seniors, illustrates the contradictions which occur between the changing role of women in society and the traditional roles we still hold for women and men in the family. The women whom Machung interviewed wanted careers, but recognized that their career paths would be interrupted by family and children. The men researcher spoke to, on the other hand, planned their career with the exp ectation of having a support system (wives) to care for their homes and families. The women in other studies (e.g., Komarovsky, 1985; Maines Hardesty, 1987; Angrist Almquist, 1975) also express tentativeness of plans for their work life, in which career planning becomes contingency planning or planning around husbands and children. Women in these studies expect to be working most of their adult life, but also expect that their family will take priority over work as needed. Sociological functionalists saw employment and family in an earlier and family life in an earlier historical period as well-integrated (Parsons and Smelser 1956; Goode 1960). Only one person, the male breadwinner, participated in the labour force; the wife/mother met childcare, house-hold upkeep, and other pattern maintenance needs. Husbands and wives were thus specialists in their roles. Societal restrictions on employment for women of childbearing age reduced work/family conflict and stress. Today in our socie ty there is almost universal support in principle for equal opportunity however; traditional attitudes regarding womens family roles persist. Employed women thus experience conflict between work outside the home and family responsibilities (Mortimer and London, 1984; Mortimer and Sorensen, 1984). Pleck (1984) finds that traditional norms promote asymmetrically permeable boundaries in the roles of men and women. For men, the work role dominates; the family is expected to accommodate to its requirements. To support their work involvement, men spend relatively little time on family work. Because the male family role inextricably entails being a good breadwinner (Bernard, 1984), male workplace success simultaneously fulfills both work and family role responsibilities. On the other hand, women are expected to stress family obligations over activities related to employment. Womens work roles often give to accommodate the family (e.g., women with young children often work part-time or inte rmittently). Thus, employment doesnt radically disrupt the traditional core wife/ mother responsibilities. In essence, employed married women have two jobs, one in the workplace, the second in the family; this normative pattern has negative implications for their socio economic attainment (Marini, 1989). Therefore what normative controls used to accomplish (i.e., a women was expected to quit work when she married or had children). Adolescence is widely recognized as a critical life stage for vocational development (Erickson 1963) and crystallization of future plans. Adolescent work and family orientations are therefore expected both to reflect changing work/ family linkages and to contribute to them in the future. Public opinion trends (McLaughlin, 1988) show that widespread behavioral change (e. g., wives employment) often precedes attitudinal change (e.g., approval of wives working). Moreover, status attainment researchers have demonstrated that educational and occupational aspirations influence attainments (Sewell and Hauser, 1975). Given these reciprocal relations of work and family structures, it is important to continually monitor trends in young peoples work attitudes and behaviors. Recent research shows that future work (Farmer, 1983; Shapiro and Crowley, 1982) and family (Affleck, Morgan, and Hays, 1989; Machung 1989; Joss Elson, Greenberger and McConchie, 1977a, 1977b; Maines and Hardest, 1987) cont inue to be central life interests for adolescent boys and girls, with both planning to spend significant portions of their lives in the labor force and in families. A major gender difference persists in that girls more often plan to work part-time and intermittently rather than full-time to accommodate competing work and family role demands (Machung, 1989; OConnell, Betz, and Kurth, 1989).Young women often anticipate that career and family life will be problematic if perused simultaneously (Machung 1989; Ward and Rubin1989; Archer1985; Crowley and shapiro1982). Tangri and Jenkinss (1986)1980 survey of 1967 college female graduates showed a dramatic increase in reported conflict between career and marriage in the post graduate years. Adolescent males ,in contrast ,see their adult work and family roles as more congruent; they see few problems in wanting both careers and families(archer1985).This is to be expected since families do not impede adult mens career(Mortimer and Sorensen 198 4 ).Maines and Hardesy (1987)conclude, young men and women anticipate participating in basically the same categories of activity(education, work, family),butà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦differ in their assumptions about the nature and extent of that participation. Men expect ability and labour market opportunities to determine their futures, while women face the problem of how to integrate these various dimensions of their lives (Maines and Hardesty, 1987). Regan and Roland (1982) investigated marginal shifts in university seniors life goals and vocational aspirations, finding that they had changed over the decade of the 1970s. Women graduating in1979 expected careers to be the primary source of future satisfaction but also indicated that family relationships were still very important. Van Maanem and associates (1977) argue that an understanding of careers should focus on the interaction among individual aspirations, family concerns, and work demands. We therefore, build a measure of lifestyle co mmitment, constructed from individuals ordering of life goals, to investigate relationships. Gender differences in work and family experiences have been a consistently important theme in work-family research (Lewis Cooper, 1999). On the basis of Greenhaus and Beutells argument about the importance of role salience to the work-family conflict (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985), many scholars have hypothesized that women experience more work-family conflict than men because of their typically greater home responsibilities and their allocation of more importance to family roles. However, more recent researchers have discovered that men and women do not differ on their level of work- family conflict (Blanchard-Fields, 1997). In those studies where gender differences were found. The unanticipated results regarding gender and the work-family conflict raise the possibility that researchers emphasis on between-gender differences may mask important within-gender variation in work- family conflict. Within-gender variation may be as critical as between-gender differences in explaining work-fa mily conflict. Gender identity does not stand separate from other identity issues. Rather, it is part of a complex psychological and social process whereby men and women adopt varying degrees of traditionally masculine and feminine roles and responsibilities (Anderson Leslie, 1991). Social and cultural factors, as well as the individuals abilities and personality characteristics, mediate the relationship between gender and work-family conflict (Farmer, 1985). Thus, individual variation within gender can provide valuable information beyond the mere knowledge of gender in order to explain differences among persons regarding work-family conflict. The range of findings in the literature highlights the need to attend to the variation in mens and womens beliefs about the importance of work and family roles, rather than to generalize to all men and to all women (Kerpelman Schvaneveldt, 1999). Understanding this variation may contribute to a more coherent and comprehensive explanation of work-family conflict. The aim of this study is to explore gender differences in work-family conflict while attending to both between- and within-gender variation in perceptions of importance of work and family life roles. In the study we considered the importance attributed simultaneously to both work and family roles by both men and women. This approach should facilitate more precise understandings and may clarify some of the mixed findings of previous research concerning gender differences in work-family conflict. Role salience was typically determined by examining commitment and values regarding work or family roles (Neville Super, 1986). It is important to note that these researchers investigated work salience or home salience without simultaneously considering the relative importance of both roles in an individuals life. Much of the research on career and family orientation has disregarded the perceived relative importance of both work and family roles. As a result, these studies do not reflect the growing recognition that work and family are interdependent spheres of life (Rapport Rapport, 1971; Westman Piotrkowski, 1999). Despite the increase in womens involvement in demanding occupations and the substantial rise of womens vocational aspirations over recent decades (Gerstein, Lichtman, Barokas,1988), mens occupational goals and aspirations frequently exceed those of women. For example, Leung, Conoley, and Schell (1994) found that women generally have lower career aspirations than do comparably talented men. During socialization to work and family roles, men are traditionally raised to pursue the provider role and women the marital/ family role (Major, 1989). Many women in the West continue to be socialized to believe that being a wife and raising a family is the first priority in life and that financial independence and career advancement is secondary (Gilbert, 1993) by this findings we can anticipate that more women than men will fit the Family profile that comprises ind ividuals who assign high importance to the family and relatively low importance to work. Similarly, if young men are raised to adopt the provider role more than young women, it is likely that more men than women fit the Work profile, and assign high levels of importance to the work role and relatively low importance to family roles. By this we can say that women will be represented most often in the Family profile and least in the Work profile. Men were expected to most frequently fit the Work profile and least frequently the Family profile. In research we assumed that womens values and commitment regarding parent and spouse roles would be higher than mens. In addition, following most research findings (Major, 1993; Schwartzberg Dytell, 1996), we anticipated that mens values and commitment to the work role would be higher than that of women. Many women are expected to feel primary obligation to the family role (Schwartzberg Dytell, 1996; Tompson Walker, 1989). Many researchers ha ve found that college men and women are increasingly similar in their goals and value orientations. Scant information is available about how women and men with similarly strong and equal motivations toward the achievement of goals and the maintenance of affiliative relationships will prioritize, make decisions, and interact when achievement demands and personal relationships conflict. Students reveal ignorance of the career hazards of interruptions in employment, and lack of awareness of the family sacrifices and stresses attendant to career commitment (Catalyst, 1987; Phillips Johnston, 1985; Zuckerman, 1980). As men and women in college today think about their future and plan for work and family, they are exposed to a variety of mixed messages relating to gender. Gender socialization continues to influence young peoples identities and stereotypes from the past frame choices (e.g., Angrist Almquist, 1975; Komarovsky, 1985; Machung, 1989) for students as they move into a society which, at least theoretically, permits equality of opportunities regardless of gender. Yet, participation of women in the work force has increased significantly and attitude surveys indicate that we are much more accepting of women taking active roles in our society (e.g.. Mason Lu, 1988). Nevertheless, women still face considerable occupational segregation (Blau Ferber, 1985). Research suggests that women continue to oversee management of home, children and social activities of the family, while men help with household tasks (Hochschild, 1989; Bernardo, Shehan, Leslie, 1987; Coverman Sheley, 1986, Berk, 1985). Since discrimination results in women earning less money for equal time at work, men can justify their non-involvement in household chores because they must provide for the family. Thus, despite many changes, todays college students have grown up in traditional families where women have had to assume the majority of household tasks, whether they worked outside of the home or not. Consequently, many traditional gender expectations are maintained by the structural inequality in our society. The purpose this study was to identity the relationship between male and female college students priorities in terms of there future goals regarding career and family. It was hypothesis that there would be an inverse relationship between career values and the importance of family life between men and women furthermore; female students would value the family life role, whereas male would prefer the occupational life role. Methods Participants In the present study there were two groups consisting of total 60 subjects of which there were thirty female students and thirty male students in the age group 17-22 years. The samples were selected randomly from different colleges. Material The instrument used for the study was life role salience scale. The scale had four different sub-scales dealing with occupational, parental, martial and homecare. Life role salience scale was assed on five point Likert scale ranging from a score of (disagree-1, somewhatdisagree-2, neitheragreenordisagree-3, somewhatagree-4, and agree-5). The purpose of this research was to find reliable information. The first section of the survey consisted of a small section of demographics, including age, gender, major, ethnicity, and academic classification. The second part of the survey contained the Life Role Salience Scales (LRSS), which measured variables of gender, career goals, and family priorities (Amatea, Cross, Clark, Bobby, 1986). The LRSS contained forty value statements regarding feelings about work and family roles. In addition, the LRSS was assessed on a five point Likert scale, ranging from a score of one (disagree) to five (agree). The scale is geared toward role reward value and role commitment level (Amatea et. al., 1986). It also identifies four major life roles as occupational, marital, parental, and homecare. The purpose of this scale is to obtain reliable information pertaining to future career and family expectations of male and female college students (Amatea et. al., 1986). Design: The present study was quasi-experimental design. The subject variable was the gender of the participant, and the dependent variable was whether or not the participant rated his or her career role or family role as more important. This is determined by the participants score on the two Occupational subsets of the LRSS and the participants score on the Parental, Marital, and Homecare subsets. The age group of 20-25 was taken for the study. This particular age group was taken so as to see where this age is where people take decisions regarding career and family. Procedure: The students who volunteered where given consent form and the instructions were read aloud and were also mentioned in the questionnaire. The participants were debriefed on the true nature of the study. Specifically, they were told that the experiment was not about the social opinions about men and women, but on the priorities of male and female career and family values. Once again, all the questions were addressed and students received contact information for any further questions that they may have. Results The data analyzed for this experiment was based on the LRSS which measured family as a combination of homecare, parental and marital roles and assessed career values through occupational role expectations (Amatea al., 1986). Means and standard deviation for all the scales, by gender are shown in Table1. The data displayed variability between males and females in regard to parental role expectations. Overall, the means between genders exhibited significance, and were detected in levels of an independent samples t-test shown in Table 1.According to the data, their was large difference between both men and women in terms of parental role scale. (t=2.45*). As a result the difference between the results of both genders on LRSS reveals that females assessed a higher value towards the parental role than males. Furthermore, the differences between gender in relation to homecare expectation was significant (t=3.17*) which suggests that female preferred homecare role more than males. These res ults support our hypothesis, which stated that there is an inverse relationship between gender, career and family values. Table 2 presents the paired samples t-test; comparisons of the means between the occupational and parental roles were significant. (t=2.63*).table3 shows the paired samples statistics of life role expectation between males. By comparing the means, their was a significant difference (t=2.15*) between male occupational and marital views. Table 1- Gender Life Role Descriptive and Independent Samples Statistics Male Female mean sd mean Sd T Occupational 39.93 3.28 37.93 3.43 2.30 Parental 37.97 4.01 40.77 4.80 2.45 Martial 34.63 4.00 40.75 4.76 5.39 Homecare 37.63 2.16 40.47 4.39 3.17 P Table 2- Female Life Role Paired Samples Statistics mean sd T Occupational Parental 37.93 3.43 2.67 40.77 4.80 Occupational Martial 37.93 3.43 2.63 40.75 4.29 Occupational Homecare 37.93 3.43 2.49 40.47 4.39 P Table 3- Male Life Role Paired Samples Statistics mean sd T Occupational Parental 39.93 3.28 2.0722 37.97 4.01 Occupational Martial 39.93 3.28 5.6119 34.63 4.00 Occupational Homecare 39.93 3.28 3.2077 37.63 2.16 P Discussion This study investigated career and family values of college students. The first purpose of this study was to identify whether or not males and females had different priorities concerning family life and occupational roles. In the present sample of thirty males and thirty females, significant differences were observed between family and career expectations. According to our analysis, females appeared to value the parental role greater than males. This finding suggests that women assess a larger significance towards family priorities than men who value career. These findings supported our hypothesis, which said that there would be a difference in career and family priorities between genders. As hypothesized, females appeared to value the parental role greater than the occupational role. Thus, females held higher expectations for having a family, rather than a career. Likewise, males showed a preference for occupation, as opposed to marriage. Consequently, males viewed having a career a s a greater importance than having a family. Overall, the results of this study highlight the tendency for females to value family priorities, as opposed to males who value career. This finding is also different from gender-role traditionalism research, which suggests that both male and female attitudes change correspondingly during college (Bryant, 2003). Furthermore, results of the present study also indicated that among females, women were more likely to value family, as opposed to career. Past research, such as the Valedictorian Project, obtained results congruent with our findings. Arnold (1993) attributed these outcomes to lowered career aspirations possibly due to female beliefs regarding family-work conflict. In other words, women lowered their career goals to avoid future work conflict and experience fewer family life demands (Arnold, 1993). This finding suggested that external factors (such as occupational stress) tend to lower womens desire to achieve career goals. On the other hand, additional research indicated that universal work expectations were common between genders, in that both males and females contained aspirations in regard to high education, work, and family values (Maines Hardesty, 1987). Similar studies also suggested that women, who pursued high-level careers and contained greater occupational aspirations, appeared to value high quality career roles over family roles (Faver, 1982). These findings, although they were incongruent with our results, suggested that women and men valued career equally. Many studies have emphasized that womens career and domestic choices are situational and change over time, that women negotiate their positions and form ideologies in accordance with various circumstances encountered over their life courses (Gerson 1985; Hochschild with Machung 1989; Jacobs 1989). While not denying the validity of this position, the study suggests that many women students, even before they have had any experience with marri age, motherhood and extra domestic work are incompatible and that husbands are reliable lifelong providers -that help to shape their core identities we suggest that these ideologies influence the choices and decisions, students make as they go through college and enter the world of work, which in turn condition and limit other choices they may wish to make as the circumstances of their lives change. Ultimately, an individuals priorities navigate that person throughout life. A persons values guide him or her in attaining future goals. The very nature of human beings is dependent on critical decisions based on their priorities, which result in life roles. Thus, value lies in identifying gender priorities, in which future human behavior may be predicted. Consequently, future research on the career and family values of college undergraduates is needed to investigate how males and females of different ethnic backgrounds value career and family role expectations, whether or not an increas ed sample size would affect the results of the present study, and the influence of college environmental factors (size, religious affiliation, and location) on gender values. Finally, eliminating media tactics geared toward unrealistic gender stereotypes would decrease the gender-role social pressures exerted on males and females. By projecting realistic and non-traditional attitudes, both men and women would expand their life role opportunities. Womens achievement orientations are clearly not less than males. But women do not feel they must sacrifice their family roles to achieve the arenas of education and work. They anticipate that future family roles will be more important to them than males. Males see their future educational and work as more important than family. Although women expect to earn less than men, they have similarly high expectations for income as their male peers. However, we also find many differences between males and females which imply that traditional gender roles may be influencing plans for their futures. Of particular interest is the gender difference in self-perception. Although females perform well in academics than male they are likely to see themselves as less able than their male. The difference in self-perception is particularly perplexing. These findings support a traditional gender socialization model in which males and all things masculine are valued and females and all things feminine are devalued. Women may be socialized to devalue their own achievements whereas males, despite lower abilities would be pressured to overestimate their abilities. Therefore, responses such as these may be appropriate for both young men and women of marriageable age if they live in a world where men are expected to be superior (Eccles, 1987). We also find that men and women have very different expectations form roles in the home and work place. Although both sexes feel that a good marriage and family are important, men do not feel it is important for them to maintain household activities. Furthermore, males hold more traditional values about women combining work and family, and are more likely to wan their wives to remain at home. Likewise, women place more importance on hous ehold roles, expect to be employed for fewer hours, and are more likely than male